Rotenone is a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor that produces an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Rotenone-induced α-synuclein aggregation is mediated by the calcium/GSK3β signaling pathway. Rotenone can increase intracellular levels of the toxic dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-acetaldehyde (DOPAL), via decreasing DOPAL metabolism by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and decreasing vesicular sequestration of cytoplasmic dopamine by the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT). Rotenone is a member of the class of rotenones that consists of 1,2,12,12a-tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]furo[2,3-h]chromen-6(6aH)-one substituted at position 2 by a prop-1-en-2-yl group and at positions 8 and 9 by methoxy groups (the 2R,6aS,12aS-isomer). A non-systemic insecticide, it is the principal insecticidal constituent of derris (the dried rhizome and root of Derris elliptica).