Asiatic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is ursane substituted by a carboxy group at position 28 and hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 23 (the 2alpha,3beta stereoisomer). It is isolated from Symplocos lancifolia and Vateria indica and exhibits anti-angiogenic activity. It has a role as a metabolite and an angiogenesis modulating agent. It is a monocarboxylic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid and a triol. It is a conjugate acid of an asiatate. It derives from a hydride of an ursane. Asiatic acid shows antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumorigenesis effects, it inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation, NO and COX-2 signals. Asiatic acid inhibits the expression NDR1/2 kinase and promotes the stability of p21WAF1/CIP1 protein through attenuating NDR1/2 dependent phosphorylation of p21WAF1/CIP1 in HepG2 cells. Asiatic acid， It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid found in Centella asiatica, which has anti-cancer activity. Asiatic acid can induce apoptosis in melanoma cells and has a barrier protective effect on human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC). Asiatic acid also has anti-inflammatory activity and can inhibit endothelial barrier dysfunction induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) - α. Asiatic acid also inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NF - κ B pathway, effectively suppressing inflammation in rats, and has neuroprotective effects in a rat spinal cord injury (SCI) model.

Loganin is a non-competitive inhibitor of BACE1 with IC50 of 47.97 μM an also inhibits AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 3.95 μM and 33.02 μM, respectively. Loganin has neuroprotective, anti-amnesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-shock effects, it also exhibits protective effects against hepatic injury and other diabetic complications associated with abnormal metabolic states and inflammation caused by oxidative stress and advanced glycation endproduct formation. Loganin can attenuate neuroinflammatory responses through the inactivation of NF-κB by NF-κB dependent inflammatory pathways and phosphorylation of MAPK in Aβ25-35-induced PC12 cells, and can protect against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis by inhibiting phosphorylation of JNK, p38, and ERK 1/2 MAPKs in SH-SY5Y cells. Loganin is an iridoid monoterpenoid with formula C17H26O10 that is isolated from several plant species and exhibits neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, a neuroprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor, an EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor and a plant metabolite.

Huperzine A is a sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, a neuroprotective agent, a nootropic agent and a plant metabolite. Huperzine A is a potent, selective and reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and has been widely used in China for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD).Huperzine A induces CYP3A4 expression and activation via PXR dependent pathways, may contribute to drug-drug interactions with ligustrazine and oridonin.