(-)-catechin-3-O-gallate is a gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of ()-catechin. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a polyphenol, a gallate ester and a member of flavans. It is functionally related to a gallic acid and a (-)-catechin. It is an enantiomer of a (+)-catechin-3-O-gallate. Catechin, a cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.4 μM, which has antiangiogenic, antitumor, antioxidant, UV-protective, anti-aging, phytotoxic, antimicrobial, and antiviral effects. Catechin shows its potential as biobased active packaging for fatty food, and exerts cardioprotection through treating many kinds of angiocardiopathy.

Thalifendine is a metabolite of Berberine, with antiplasmodial and antiamoebic activities. Thalifendine shows activities against P. falciparum and E. histolytica with IC50s of 7.91 μM and 116 μM, respectively. Thalifendine inhibited cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6.

Apigenin is a potent inhibitor of CYP2C9, which has anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anti-cancer effects, it may inhibit EV71 replication through suppressing viral IRES activity and modulating cellular JNK pathway. Acetic acid [4-(5,7-diacetyloxy-4-oxo-1-benzopyran-2-yl)phenyl] ester is a member of flavones.

Hinesol is a sesquiterpenoid.

Caffeic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid that is cinnamic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. It exists in cis and trans forms; the latter is the more common. It has a role as an antioxidant, an EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor, an EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor, an EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor, an EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor and a plant metabolite. Caffeic acid has antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities, it can suppress ultraviolet B(UVB)-induced COX-2 expression by blocking Fyn kinase activity, inhibits HBV-DNA replication as well as HBsAg production, also reduces serum DHBV level in DHBV-infected duckling model. Caffeic acid may be used as designed novel therapeutic drugs for Parkinson's disease by inhibiting α-synuclein fibrillation.

Dehydrocostus lactone (DHE), a natural sesquiterpene lactone, inhibits IKKβ, Wnt/β-catenin activity, IκBα phosphorylation and degradation, coactivators p300 recruitments and p50/p65 NF-κB nuclear translocation, and their DNA binding activity on COX-2 promoter. DHE has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, immunomodulatory and anti-tumor properties, it can against osteoblast damage induced by AMA and cervical cancer. DHE exhibits strong larvicidal activity against A. albopictus with LC(50) values of 2.34 ug/ml. Dehydrocostus lactone is an organic heterotricyclic compound and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that is acrylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4-hydroxy-3,8-bis(methylene)decahydoazulen-5-yl group and in which the hydroxy group and the carboxy group have undergone formal condensation to afford the corresponding gamma-lactone.