1-Kestose shows significant anti-hydroxyl radical potential. 1-Kestose can promote intestinal Lactobacillus number, and influence the microorganisms as well as the intestinal and systemic immune responses. 1-kestose is a trisaccharide found in vegetables consisting of beta-D-fructofuranose having beta-D-fructofuranosyl and alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residues attached at the 1- and 2-positions respectively.

Maltohexaose is a maltohexaose hexasaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the aldehydo open-chain form. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite. Maltohexaose is a natural saccharide, and can be produced from amylose, amylopectin and whole starch.

After treatment with CVGI, Raffinose family oligosaccharide was hydrolyzed effectively to yield galactose and sucrose. AA-PCD resistance in Raffinose-grown cells occurs with a decrease in both ROS production and cytochrome c release as compared to glucose-grown cells en route to AA-PCD.

L-fucitol is the L-enantiomer of fucitol. It is found in nutmeg. It has a role as an antibacterial agent and a plant metabolite. It is an enantiomer of a D-fucitol. L-Fucitol inhibited the galactitol-positive strains of Escherichia coli K12.

All-trans-violaxanthin is the all-trans-stereoisomer of violaxanthin. It has a role as a food colouring.

Fructooligosaccharide is carbohydrate-based polymers derived from natural sources that can be utilized by certain gastrointestinal tract bacteria but not by the host animal.

Nystose has antioxidant capacity. Nystose and 1-Kestose can modulate the intestinal Microorganisms flora, a high content of kestose and nestose in the diet can cause a decrease in ileal and cecal pH (to 5.42 and 5.49, respectively)of turkeys, which may promote digestion.

Maltopentaose is a maltopentaose pentasaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the aldehydo open-chain form.

Maltotetraose and stachyose are potent inhibitors of TNF-α-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression, maltotetraose may be beneficial in the suppression of early atherosclerosis development and could be developed as a dietary supplement for cardiovascular health. Maltotetraose is a maltotetraose tetrasaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the aldehydo open-chain form. It has a role as an antibacterial agent and an Escherichia coli metabolite.