Hypericin is a photosensitive antiviral with anticancer and antidepressant agent . It can inhibit tyrosine kinases with IC50 of 7.5 μM. It can induce both apoptosis and necrosis in a concentration and light dose-dependent fashion, and inhibit RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis via affecting ERK signalling in vitro and suppresses wear particle-induced osteolysis in vivo. Hypericin is a carbopolycyclic compound. It has a role as an antidepressant. It derives from a hydride of a bisanthene.

Deoxyarbutin possesses a potent ability in skin lightening and antioxidation with less melanosome cytotoxicity, it is an effective hypopigmentation agent, it is widely used in skin lighting. Deoxyarbutin can combate tumour in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of tumour via a p38-mediated mitochondria associated apoptotic pathway.

Hordenine is an inhibitor of noradrenaline uptake, is also an effective inhibitor of hyperpigmentation. It can inhibit melanogenesis by suppressing cAMP production, which is involved in the expression of melanogenesis-related proteins. Hordenine also has a positive inotropic effect upon the heart, increases systolic and diastolic blood pressure, peripheral blood flow volume, inhibits gut movements.

Luteolin is a non-selective phisphodiesterase PDE inhibitor for PDE1-5 with Ki of 15.0 μM, 6.4 μM, 13.9 μM, 11.1 μM and 9.5 μM, respectively. Luteolin has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-allergy anti-myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and anticancer, has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for treating various diseases such as hypertension, inflammatory disorders, and cancer. Luteolin inhibits NF-κB, and inhibits interleukin (IL)-1β function induction of the inflammation biomarker cyclooxygenase (COX)-2.

Phytosphingosine is an amino alcohol, a triol and a sphingoid. It has a role as a mouse metabolite and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite. It is functionally related to a N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylphytosphingosine and a sphinganine. It is a conjugate base of a phytosphingosine(1+).