Eleutheroside E is a glycoside and a lignan.

Shanzhiside has immunosuppressive activity, it shows significant inhibition of IL-2 secretion by phorbol myristate acetate and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody co-stimulated activation of human peripheral blood T cells.

Ginsenoside Re is a major ginsenoside in ginseng and belongs to 20(S)-protopanaxatriol group. It has diverse in vitro and in vivo effects, including anti-diabetic, vasorelaxant, antihyperlipidemic, anti-ischemic, angiogenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammation actions. It also exhibits potent neuroprotective effects against neuroinflammation in a murine model of ALS. Re increases HCAEC outward current via SKCa channel activation; it also increases the proliferation of CD4+ T cells with decreases cell death, and enhances viability of CD4+T cells through the regulation of IFN-γ-dependent autophagy activity. Ginsenoside Re is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.

Ginsenoside Rb1 is a protopanaxadiol that has diverse in vitro and in vivo effects, including neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative actions. Ginsenoside Rb1 can up-regulate the expression of GLUTs in adipose tissue, in addition to activate insulin signalling pathway, and may effectively ameliorate the progression of asthma through Relegating Th1/Th2. It inhibited Na+, K+-ATPase activity with an IC50 of 6.3±1.0 μM, activated Akt, phosphorylating GSK-3β and inhibited mPTP opening. Ginsenoside Rb1 is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is ginsenoside Rd in which the beta-D-glucopyranoside group at position 20 is replaced by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside group. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory drug, a radical scavenger, a neuroprotective agent, an apoptosis inhibitor, an anti-obesity agent and a plant metabolite. It is a glycoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid and a ginsenoside.

Ginsenoside Rg3 is the main component of Red ginseng, it inhibits Na+ and hKv1.4 channel with IC50s of 32.2±4.5 and 32.6±2.2 μM, respectively, it also inhibits Aβ levels, NF-κB activity, and COX-2 expression. Ginsenoside-Rg3 possesses an ability to inhibit the lung metastasis of tumor cells, and the mechanism of its antimetastatic effect is related to inhibition of the adhesion and invasion of tumor cells, and also to anti-angiogenesis activity. It is a novel drug, capable of inhibiting the early of scarring (HS) and later HS. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.

Peiminine has potent anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antitussive, and expectorant effects. It induces autophagic cell death thus represses colorectal carcinoma tumor growth. Peiminine can inhibit lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis in a rat model of bleomycin-induced lung injury, by reducing circulating IFN-γ levels and inhibiting signal transduction pathways involving TGF-β, CTGF, ERK1/2, NF-κB and FasL.

20(R)-Ginsenoside Rg3 is a ginsenoside found in Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-R positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as an antioxidant and a plant metabolite. It is a glycoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid and a ginsenoside.

Jionoside B1 has immunosuppressive activity, it shows the hepato-protective activity in the H2O2 induced liver injury experiments.Jionoside B1 exhibits the obvious inhibition against aldose reductase.

Isoastragaloside II is a cucurbitacin and a glycoside.

Feretoside can increase the expression of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) by a factor of 1.153 at 3 uM.

Astragaloside II is a potent autophagy inhibitor and multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal agent, which restores chemosensitivity of anticancer agent cisplatin and enhances tumor cell death. It has immunomodulating activity, can trigger T cell activation through regulation of CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, it induces osteogenic activities of osteoblasts through the bone morphogenetic protein-2/MAPK and Smad1/5/8 pathways. Astragaloside II is a triterpenoid saponin that is cycloastragenol glycosylated at positions 3 and 6 by 2-O-acetyl-beta-D-xylosyl and beta-D-glucosyl residues respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a member of oxolanes, a triterpenoid saponin and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a cycloastragenol.

Talatisamine is a newly identified K+ channel blocker with hypotensive and antiarrhythmic activities. Talatisamine (120 μM) and TEA (5mM) inhibits the enhanced I(K) caused by Aβ40 oligomers, attenuates cytotoxicity of Aβ oligomers by restoring cell viability and suppressing K(+) loss related apoptotic response.

Pinocembrin is a major flavonoid molecule incorporated as multifunctional in the pharmaceutical industry. Its vast range of pharmacological activities has been well researched including antimicrobial, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Pinocembrin inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory mediators production by suppressing PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway, it also inhibited TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis of Y-79 cells by inactivating the αvβ3 integrin/FAK/p38α signaling pathway. Pinocembrin is a dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea. It has a role as an antioxidant, a metabolite, an antineoplastic agent, a vasodilator agent and a neuroprotective agent. It is a (2S)-flavan-4-one and a dihydroxyflavanone.

Astragaloside I is a triterpenoid saponin that is cycloastragenol glycosylated at positions 3 and 6 by 2,3-di-O-acetyl-beta-D-xylosyl and beta-D-glucosyl residues respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a member of oxolanes, a triterpenoid saponin and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a cycloastragenol. Astragaloside Ι may protect the cerebral tissue against the free radical damage in ischemia and inhibit the activation of BV-2 cells induced by LPS through suppressing the activation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway. It stimulates osteoblast differentiation through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which also activates the BMP pathway and RANK pathway.

Picroside I is a hepatoprotective agent which is reported to be antimicrobial and used against hepatitis B. It has antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, it may be the valuable anti-invasive drug candidates for cancer therapy by suppressing Collagenases and Gelatinases. Picroside I can enhance basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF)-, staurosporine- or dbc-mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-induced neurite outgrowth from PC12D cells.

Scutellarin has many pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, neuroprotection and antiinflammatory activities. It down-regulates the STAT3/Girdin/Akt signaling in HCC cells, and inhibits RANKL-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in osteoclasts. Scutellarin methyl ester is a glucosiduronic acid and a member of flavonoids.

Praeruptorin E is a cardiotonic agent with selective cardiac calcium channel agonistic effect, it can relax swine coronary artery and decrease contractility in guinea-pig left atria. Praeruptorin E may be useful in the therapy of lung injury, it can protect mice from hydrochloric acid (HCl)-induced lung injury by inhibiting polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) influx, IL-6 release and protein exudation.

Epimedoside A has significant antioxidant activity in vitro.

Astragaloside III has anti-gastric ulcer effects, and exhibits strong growth-promoting effects in cultured GES-1 cells. Astragaloside III can effectively reduce cancer cell survival in vitro and inhibit the tumor growth in vivo, the potential mechanism is the induction of cell apoptosis signaling pathways, suggests that it provides a new therapeutic tool to treat breast cancer. Astragaloside III is a triterpenoid saponin that is cycloastragenol with a 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-xylopyranosyl moiety attached at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It is a triterpenoid saponin and a disaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a cycloastragenol.