Chebulagic acid is a potent DNA topoisomerase inhibitor, and is also COX-2 and 5-LOX dual inhibitor. Chebulagic acid may be of value as broad-spectrum antivirals for limiting emerging/ recurring viruses known to engage host cell glycosaminoglycans for entry. Chebulagic acid can be used to control blood glucose and manage type 2 diabetes, although clinical trials are needed.

Glycyrrhizic acid has anti-tumor, antiviral ,antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory,anti-diabetic activities. It is a direct HMGB1(high mobility group box 1) inhibitor that inhibits HMGB1-dependent inflammatory molecule expression and oxidative stress; modulates P38 and P-JNK but not p-ERK signalling; Also inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase (MAO). Glycyrrhizinic acid is a triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid. It has a role as an EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a glucosiduronic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a tricarboxylic acid, an enone and a triterpenoid saponin. It is a conjugate acid of a glycyrrhizinate(3-).

Gelsemine is a highly toxic compound and may be a glycine receptor agonist. Gelsemine has antitumor, anti-hyperlipidemic,anti-oxidative activities,it also has marked antinociception in inflammatory, neuropathic and bone cancer pains without inducing antinociceptive tolerance.

Miltirone is a CYPs inhibition, it has been characterized as a low-affinity ligand for central benzodiazepine receptors, it might ameliorate the symptoms associated with discontinuation of long-term administration of ethanol or of other positive modulators of the GABA A receptor. Miltirone possesses significant anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, the hepatocyte metabolism is the major route of clearance for miltirone. Miltirone is collateral sensitive in multidrug-resistant P-gp-overexpressing cells, induces G2/M arrest, and triggeres apoptosis via ROS-generated breakdown of MMP and DNA damage. Miltirone has antiprotozoal activity against T. brucei rhodesiense STIB 900.

Dihydroartemisinin is widely used as an intermediate in the preparation of other artemisinin-derived antimalarial drugs, recommended as the first-line anti-malarial drug with low toxicity. Dihydroartemisinin has anticancer activity, it inhibited cell proliferation via AKT/GSK3β/cyclinD1/ERK pathway and induced apoptosis is associated with inhibition of Sarco/Endoplasmic reticulum Calcium ATPase activity in colorectal cancer.

Quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside is a quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin attached to a beta-D-sophorosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as an antioxidant and a plant metabolite. It is a sophoroside and a tetrahydroxyflavone. It is a conjugate acid of a quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside(1-).

Bicuculline is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. (+)-Bicuculline is a competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors with IC50 of 2 μM, also blocks Ca(2+)-activated potassium channels.It is effective in vitro against spore germination of some plant pathogenic fungi, it can significantly inhibit spore germination of all the fungi at concentrations of 100-1000 ppm.

Emodin has neuroprotective and antidepressant activity, can up-regulate GR and BDNF levels in hippocampus; it also has significant anti-neoplastic activity against bladder cancer cells and myeloid leukemia, by suppressing tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), iNOS and COX-2 expression. Emodin has protective effects, may be related to the inhibition of CCL5 expression and subsequent cell stress/inflammatory events possibly mediated by activation of MAPK signaling pathways. Emodin anthrone is a member of the class of anthracenones that is anthracen-9(10H)-one which carries a methyl group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 8, respectively. It is an intermediate precursor in the synthesis of hypericin. It has a role as a fungal metabolite. It is an anthracenone and a member of phenols.

Cepharanthine has anti-plasmodial, anti-tumor , anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities in vivo, and it is a highly potent inhibitor of HIV-1 replication in a chronically infected monocytic cell line. Cepharanthine inhibits the HIV-1 entry process by reducing plasma membrane fluidity, and the plasma membrane is therefore an identical target to prevent viral infection. Cepharanthine is a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. It is a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid and a member of isoquinolines.

Baicalin is the glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of baicalein. It is an active ingredient of Chinese herbal medicine Scutellaria baicalensis. It has a role as an antiatherosclerotic agent, an anticoronaviral agent, an EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor, a ferroptosis inhibitor, an antioxidant, an antibacterial agent, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, an antineoplastic agent, a prodrug, a neuroprotective agent, an EC 3.4.21. Baicalin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotection actions, it is a known prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor, affects the GABA receptors, and reduces the expression of NF-κB. Baicalin may have significant therapeutic benefits against diabetic complications and atherosclerosis.

Betulonic acid is a triterpenoid. It has a role as an anticoronaviral agent.

Kawain is an aromatic ether and a member of 2-pyranones.

Arteannuin B and artemisinic acid are biogenetic precursors of artemisinin, an important antimalarial produced by the herb Artemisia annua, they are active against different bacteria and certain fungal species. Arteannuin B has potential antimalarialand antitumor activity.

Anacardic acid is a hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities. It has a role as an EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor, an anticoronaviral agent, an antibacterial agent, a neuroprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inducer, an EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor and a plant metabolite.

Hastatoside is an iridoid monoterpenoid with formula C17H24O11 that is isolated from several plants including Verbena officinalis and exhibits a sleep-promoting effect. It has a role as a hepatoprotective agent and a plant metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a methyl ester, a cyclopentapyran, an iridoid monoterpenoid, an alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester, a monosaccharide derivative and a monoterpene glycoside. Hastatoside and verbenalin are major sleep-promoting components of V. officinalis. Hastatoside has anti-inflammatory activity.

Punicalin exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anti-hepatotoxic activities, it shows inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 0.11 microg/ml (0.14 microM).