Swertianolin is a xanthone that is bellidifolin in which a beta-Dglucopyranosyl residue is attached at position O-8 via a glycosidic linkage. It is isolated particularly from Gentiana campestris and Gentiana germanica. It has a role as an antioxidant, an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside, an aromatic ether, a monosaccharide derivative and a xanthone glycoside. It is functionally related to a bellidifolin. Swertianolin shows anti-acetylcholinesterase activity effects, it shows significant hepatoprotective effect in the liver damage model induced by alpha-naphthylisot hiocyanate. Swertianolin can scavenge superoxide and hydroxyl radicals with the studying method of the autoxidation of Pyrogallol and afenton.

Asperulosidic acid has been recently used in chinese medicine as a useful drug against some tumors. It has anticlastogenic activity, since the anticlastogenic irridoids have an alpha-unsaturated carbonyl group, this structure is considered to play an important role in the anticlastogenicity. Asperulosidic acid can inhibit the seed germination and growth of seedlings of large crabgrass. Asperulosidic acid, and 6-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1-O-octanoyl-beta-D-glucopyranose are effective in suppressing 12-O-tedtradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)- or epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced cell transformation and associated AP-1 activity. Asperulosidic acid is a glycoside and an iridoid monoterpenoid.

Jionoside B1 has immunosuppressive activity, it shows the hepato-protective activity in the H2O2 induced liver injury experiments.Jionoside B1 exhibits the obvious inhibition against aldose reductase.

Quercetagitrin is a glycoside and a member of flavonoids.

Kobusin, a Calmodulin inhibitor, shows mild antiplasmodial,anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities; it may be beneficial for the treatment of neuro-inflammatory diseases through the inhibition of iNOS expression and peroxynitrite scavenging potential. Kobusin can mildly reduce gastrointestinal motility in mice, it activates CFTR and CaCCgie chloride channel activities in mouse colonic epithelia and shows inhibitory effects toward ANO1/CaCC-mediated short-circuit currents in ANO1/CaCC-expressing FRT cells. Demethoxyaschantin is a member of the class of furofurans that is tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan-1-yl]-1,3-benzodioxole carrying an additional 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl substituent at position 4. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a lignan, a member of benzodioxoles, a furofuran and a dimethoxybenzene.

10-Gingerol is a monomethoxybenzene, a member of phenols and a beta-hydroxy ketone. 10-Gingerol is an AMPK agonist found in fresh ginger rhizome oil resin, with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti proliferative activities. 10-Gingerol inhibits neointimal hyperplasia and suppresses the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. The IC50 value of 10-Gingerol for DPPH radical scavenging activity is 10.47 μ M, for superoxide radical scavenging activity is 1.68 μ M, and for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity is 1.35 μ M. 10 Gingerol has an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 tumor cell line, with an IC50 value of 12.1 μ M. 10-Gingerol inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion, and induces apoptosis by targeting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in MDA-MB-231/IR cells. 10-Gingerol is expected to be used in research on ulcerative colitis. 10-Gingerol has anti-cancer, anti-neuroinflammatory, and anti-bacterial effects, it effectively inhibits the growth of the oral pathogens, and inhibits exogenous ghrelin deacylation.10-Gingerol induces [Ca2+]i rise by causing Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+ influx from non-L-type Ca2+ channels in SW480 cancer cells.10-Gingerol-induced apoptosis was accompanied by phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) family, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 MAPK (p38), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK).

Incensole has a protective or stimulating effect on β-cells of the rat pancreas, it also can increase the insulin secretion, which evidenced by a significant increase both in body weight and in liver glycogen.

Apiopaeonoside is a natural product from Paeonia suffruticosa.

Coronatine is a N-acyl-amino acid.

Semilicoisoflavone B is a member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 2',2'-dimethyl-2'H,4H-3,6'-bichromen-4-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 8'. It has been isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. It has a role as an EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor and a plant metabolite. Semilicoisoflavone B can inhibit sorbitol formation of rat lens incubated with a high concentration of glucose, indicates that it may be effective for preventing osmotic stress in hyperglycemia.

Neocnidilide is a gamma-lactone.

(±)-Borneol is a bornane monoterpenoid that is 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It has a role as a metabolite and a volatile oil component.(±)-Borneol is a bornane monoterpenoid that is 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It has a role as a metabolite and a volatile oil component. (±)-Borneol is a bicyclic monoterpene used for analgesia and anaesthesia in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine, it and its enantiomer (±)-Borneol have a highly efficacious positive modulating action at GABA(A) receptors at human recombinant alpha1beta2gamma2L GABA(A) receptors. Borneol specifically inhibits the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated effects in a noncompetitive way, can depress P-glycoprotein function by a NF-κB signaling mediated mechanism in a blood brain barrier in vitro model. Borneol has neuroprotection through the inhibition of IκBα-NF-κB and translocation signaling pathway, it also has an anti-cerebral ischemia effects. It can suppresse inflammatory responses in LPS-induced acute lung injury through inhibition of the NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways.