Capsaicin, the main pungent ingredient in 'hot' chilli peppers, is a TRPV1 agonist with EC50 of 0.29±0.05 μM in HEK293 cells, which elicits a sensation of burning pain by selectively activating sensory neurons that convey information about noxious stimuli to the central nervous system, it may used as a pain therapy by the long-lasting and inhibitory effects on persistent pain. Capsaicin has antioxidant activity , it is more effective than melatonin in suppressing the formation of lipid hydroperoxides, it also reduces anxiety-like behaviours in rats and may be an admissible drug candidate for treating endometriosis. Capsaicin is a capsaicinoid. It has a role as a TRPV1 agonist, a non-narcotic analgesic and a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker.

Maltol is a naturally occurring organic compound that is flavour enhancer and flavouring agent. Maltol has neuroprotective effects against hypoxia-induced neuroretinal cell damage in R28 cells, and it has potential as a new neuroprotective therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-related ocular diseases, including glaucoma.Maltol exhibits hepatoprotective effect on alcohol-induced liver oxidative injury, may due to its potent antioxidant properties. 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone is a member of 4-pyranones. It has a role as a metabolite.

The combination of Cochinchinenin A, cochinchinenin B, and loureirin B is the material basis for the analgesic effect of Dragon’s Blood.

Veratramine exhibits cytotoxic activity against human tumor cell lines A549, PANC-1, SW1990 and NCI-H249. Veratramine shows hypotensive effect, the effect is directly positively correlated with the dosage. Veratramine is a piperidine alkaloid comprising the 14,15,16,17-tetradehydro derivative of veratraman having two hydroxy groups at the 3- and 23-positions. It derives from a hydride of a veratraman.

(2R,3S)-3-Phenylisoserine hydrochloride is an organonitrogen compound and an organooxygen compound. It is functionally related to a beta-amino acid.