Digoxin is a cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. It has a role as an anti-arrhythmia drug, a cardiotonic drug, an epitope and an EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor. Digoxin is a classical Na,K-ATPase inhibitor, with selectivity for the α2β3 isoform over the common α1β1 isoform, used in the treatment of atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Digoxin and other cardiac glycosides can inhibit hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1)α synthesis and block tumor growth.

1-Deoxynojirimycin is an optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration. It has a role as a hypoglycemic agent, a hepatoprotective agent, an anti-HIV agent, an EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor, an anti-obesity agent, a plant metabolite and a bacterial metabolite. It is a piperidine alkaloid and a 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol. 1-Deoxynojirimycin is a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor, suppresses postprandial blood glucose, thereby possibly preventing diabetes mellitus. 1-Deoxynojirimycin as a therapeutic agent by controlling the overgrowth and biofilm formation of S. mutans, it also can block human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein- mediated membrane fusion at the CXCR4 binding step. 1-Deoxynojirimycin is an orally effective alpha glucosidase inhibitor. 1-Deoxynojirimycin inhibits postprandial blood glucose and prevents diabetes. 1-Deoxynojirimycin has hypoglycemic, weight loss, and antiviral effects.