Baicalin methyl ester shows inhibitory effects on the Avian Myeloblastosis Virus reverse transcriptase (AMV-RT).

Raspberry ketone prevents and improves obesity and fatty liver by increasing norepinephrine-induced lipolysis in white adipocytes, it also can increase the fatty acid oxidation and suppressed lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Raspberry ketone has anti-melanogenic activity, it could be used to treat hyperpigmentation. Raspberry ketone enhances the differentiation of C3H10T1/2 stem cells into osteoblasts, and it may promote bone formation by an action unrelated to adipocyte differentiation. Raspberry ketone is a ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy group. It is found in a variety of fruits including raspberries, blackberries and cranberries, and is used in perfumery and cosmetics. It has a role as a metabolite, an androgen antagonist, a flavouring agent, a fragrance, a hepatoprotective agent and a cosmetic. It is a member of phenols and a methyl ketone.

After treatment with CVGI, Raffinose family oligosaccharide was hydrolyzed effectively to yield galactose and sucrose. AA-PCD resistance in Raffinose-grown cells occurs with a decrease in both ROS production and cytochrome c release as compared to glucose-grown cells en route to AA-PCD.

Astragaloside II is a potent autophagy inhibitor and multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal agent, which restores chemosensitivity of anticancer agent cisplatin and enhances tumor cell death. It has immunomodulating activity, can trigger T cell activation through regulation of CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, it induces osteogenic activities of osteoblasts through the bone morphogenetic protein-2/MAPK and Smad1/5/8 pathways. Astragaloside II is a triterpenoid saponin that is cycloastragenol glycosylated at positions 3 and 6 by 2-O-acetyl-beta-D-xylosyl and beta-D-glucosyl residues respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a member of oxolanes, a triterpenoid saponin and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a cycloastragenol.

Trans-rhaponticin is a rhaponticin in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration. It possesses a range of pharmacological activities including antitumour, antiinflammatory, antilipemic and neuroprotective activities. It has a role as a hypoglycemic agent, an antineoplastic agent, an antilipemic drug, an angiogenesis inhibitor, an anti-allergic agent, a neuroprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inducer, an EC 2.3.1.

Pulsatilla saponin D exhibits anticancer activities in various cancer types, it Inhibits autophagic flux and synergistically enhances the anticancer activity of chemotherapeutic agents against HeLa cells.Pulsatilla saponin D has strong haemolytic activity. Pulsatilla saponin D is a natural product found particularly in Pulsatilla chinensis and Pulsatilla cernua. It has a role as a metabolite.

Methyl-3,4,5-trimethoxy cinnamate is an alkyl cinnamate obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid with methanol. It is an alkyl cinnamate and a member of methoxybenzenes.

Tacrolimus (anhydrous) is a macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis. It has a role as an immunosuppressive agent and a bacterial metabolite. Tacrolimus versus ciclosporin are primary immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients.

10-Gingerol is a monomethoxybenzene, a member of phenols and a beta-hydroxy ketone. 10-Gingerol is an AMPK agonist found in fresh ginger rhizome oil resin, with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti proliferative activities. 10-Gingerol inhibits neointimal hyperplasia and suppresses the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. The IC50 value of 10-Gingerol for DPPH radical scavenging activity is 10.47 μ M, for superoxide radical scavenging activity is 1.68 μ M, and for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity is 1.35 μ M. 10 Gingerol has an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 tumor cell line, with an IC50 value of 12.1 μ M. 10-Gingerol inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion, and induces apoptosis by targeting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in MDA-MB-231/IR cells. 10-Gingerol is expected to be used in research on ulcerative colitis. 10-Gingerol has anti-cancer, anti-neuroinflammatory, and anti-bacterial effects, it effectively inhibits the growth of the oral pathogens, and inhibits exogenous ghrelin deacylation.10-Gingerol induces [Ca2+]i rise by causing Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+ influx from non-L-type Ca2+ channels in SW480 cancer cells.10-Gingerol-induced apoptosis was accompanied by phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) family, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 MAPK (p38), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK).

Phellodendrine has the effect of suppressing cellular immune response, reducing blood pressure and antinephritis, it also has antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Phellodendrine can suppress local semisyngeneic GvH reactions and systemic allogeneic GvH reactions in X-ray irradiated recipient mice, it also can suppress the induction phase of sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-induced delayed type hypersensitivity in mice and tuberculin-induced delayed type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs, Phellodendrine can down-regulating AKT, IKK, NF-kB phosphorylation and COX-2 expression induced by AAPH, it also ameliorates the ROS-mediated inflammatory response.

Aloin B is a C-glycosyl compound that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group is replaced by a 4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-10-oxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-9-yl moiety (the 9R diastereoisomer). It has a role as a metabolite and a laxative. It is a C-glycosyl compound, a member of phenols, a cyclic ketone and a member of anthracenes. Dietary supplementation of aloe components (aloin, aloesin and aloe-gel) can ameliorate intestinal inflammatory responses in a 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis rat model, in particular, aloesin is the most potent inhibitor. The extract of A. vera and its active ingredient aloin cause melanin aggregation leading to skin lightening via alpha adrenergic receptor stimulation. Aloin B (Isobalaloin) is an orally active SARS-CoV-2 papain like protease (PLpro) inhibitor with IC50 values of 16.08 (hydrolytic activity) and 17.51 (deubiquitinase activity) μ M. Aloin B can be broken down into aloe emodin 9-anthrone by the gut microbiota of rats to exert its laxative effect. Aloin B can inhibit TPA (HY-18739) - induced ear edema, elevated levels of putrescine, and tumor promoting effects in mouse skin. Aloin B can be used in the research of anti inflammation and inhibition of tumor promotion, novel coronavirus pneumonia (covid-19) and constipation.

Aloin is a diastereoisomeric mixture of aloin A (barbaloin) and aloin B (isobarbaloin), which have similar properties. It is a bitter-tasting, yellow-brown colored compound found in the exudate of at least 68 Aloe species at levels of up to 6.6% of leaf dry weight (making between 3% and 35% of the total exudate), and in another 17 species at indeterminate levels. It is used as a stimulant-laxative, treating constipation by inducing bowel movements. It has a role as a laxative and an EC 1.14.18. Aloe components (aloin, aloesin and aloe-gel) show anti-inflammatory effects, they can ameliorate intestinal inflammatory responses in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis rat model. Aloin shows tyrosinase activity, it could be used as lightening agents in the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders and cosmetic additives. Aloin is a potent proapoptotic agent, it showed a pronounced antiproliferative effect at physiological concentration (IC50 = 97 microM), caused cell cycle arrest in the S phase and markedly increased HeLaS3 cell apoptosis (to 24%). Aloin (Aloin-A; Barbaloin-A) is a natural anti-tumor anthraquinone glycoside with iron chelation activity. Aloin induces differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells into osteoblasts through the MAPK mediated Wnt and Bmp signaling pathways. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an early marker of osteoblast differentiation, and its activity is also enhanced by Aloin. Aloin can alleviate brain edema, reduce blood-brain barrier damage, and improve cortical shock injury. Aloin can be used for research on osteoporosis and traumatic brain injury (TBI).