Xanthohumol has anti-hepatitis C virus, anti-carcinogenic, free radical-scavenging, and anti-inflammatory activities, it can inhibit HIV-1 induced cytopathic effects, the production of viral p24 antigen and reverse transcriptase in C8166 lymphocytes at non-cytotoxic concentration. Xanthohumol may play a role in improving cognitive flexability in young animals. Xanthohumol has beneficial effects on markers of metabolic syndrome, it lowers body weight and fasting plasma glucose in obese male Zucker fa/fa rats. Xanthohumol is a member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells. It has a role as an antiviral agent, a metabolite, an antineoplastic agent, an EC 2.3.1.20 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor, an anti-HIV-1 agent and an apoptosis inducer.

Terrestrosin D can induce apoptotic cell death and inhibit angiogenesis in xenograft tumor cells, cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells and endothelial cells might be plausible mechanisms of actions for the observed antitumor and antiangiogenic activities of terrestrosin D.

Phorbol is a diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(beta), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions. It is a tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone, a tertiary alcohol, a cyclic ketone, an enone and a tetracyclic diterpenoid. It derives from a hydride of a tigliane. Phorbol is a natural product from Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr.

Pseudolaric acid B-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside is a natural product from Pseudolarix amabilis.

Arenobufagin is a steroid lactone. It is functionally related to a bufanolide. Arenobufagin is a potent Na + /K + pump inhibitor, and is also a specific inhibitor of VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. Arenobufagin has antineoplastic effect that involves cross talk between apoptosis and autophagy via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Arenobufagin is a natural bufadienolide that can be extracted from toad venom. Arenobufagin can induce apoptosis and autophagy in human liver cancer cells by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Arenobufagin exhibits potent anti-tumor activity against hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and corresponding multidrug-resistant HepG2/ADM cells. Arenobufagin can inhibit VEGF mediated angiogenesis by suppressing the VEGFR-2 signaling pathway.