Catalpol is a kind of enzyme inhibitors, it has been shown to have antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis and other neuroprotective properties and plays a role in neuroprotection against hypoxic/ischemic injury, AD and PD in both in vivo and in vitro models.Catalpol regulates cholinergic nerve system function through effect on choline acetyl-transferase not M receptor affinity, it has a wide spectrum of targets including Bcl-2 , PI3K, Akt-eNOS, caspase. Catalpol is an organic molecular entity. It has a role as a metabolite.

Coptisine is an efficient uncompetitive IDO inhibitor with a Ki value of 5.8 μM and an IC50 value of 6.3 μM, it can consequently prevent neuron loss, reduce amyloid plaque formation, and ameliorate impaired cognition, it could as a potential new class of drugs for AD treatment. Coptisine has cardioprotection, anti- hypercholesterolemia, anti-fungal, anti-osteosarcoma, anti-hepatoma and anti-leukaemia activities, it also has antispasmodic and relaxant activity on a guinea-pig ileum. Coptisine is a natural product found in Coptis japonica. It has a role as a metabolite.

Kaempferol 7-O-rhamnoside is a natural product from Maytenus hookeri.