Isovanillin is a member of the class of benzaldehydes that is 4-methoxybenzaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It is an inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase. It has a role as a HIV protease inhibitor, an antifungal agent, an antidiarrhoeal drug, an EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor, an animal metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a member of benzaldehydes, a monomethoxybenzene and a member of phenols. Isovanillin is a reversible inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase. It is largely used as pharmaceutical intermediates and also applied in food and beverage industry, synthetic fragrances, chemical. Isovanillin is a selective inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase, is metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase into isovanillic acid ,and the LD50 (rat, ipr) is 1276 mg/kg.

Tsugafolin has weak anti-HIV activity.

Limonin is a widely used dietary supplement, one of the most prevalent citrus limonoids, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)activity. It induced a down regulation of TLR-2 ,TLR-4,TNF-α, TNF-α/IL-10,NF-κB and caspase. It showed the potent inhibition of CYP3A4, with IC50 values of 6.20 μM (CYP3A4/testosterone) and 19.10 μM (CYP3A4/midazolam). Limonin is a member of furans, a lactone, an epoxide, a limonoid, an organic heterohexacyclic compound and a hexacyclic triterpenoid. It has a role as a metabolite, a volatile oil component and an inhibitor.

Ailanthone is a triterpenoid. Ailanthone has anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, anti-malarial, anti-allergic, antiulcer and antimicrobial activities; it also has potent antineoplastic activity against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), it can inhibit huh7 cancer cell growth via cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Ailanthone has significant pre-emergence herbicide activity , is directly correlated to Ailanthone concentration. Ailantone (Δ 13 Dehydrochaparrinone) is an effective androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor, with IC50 values of 69 nM for intact androgen receptors and 309 nM for sustained active splicing variants.

Laurolistine is an aporphine alkaloid that is noraporphine substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 9 and methoxy groups at positions 1 and 10. Isolated from Litsea glutinosa and Lindera chunii, exhibits inhibitory activity against HIV-1 integrase. It has a role as a metabolite and a HIV-1 integrase inhibitor. It is an aporphine alkaloid, a member of phenols and an aromatic ether. It is functionally related to an aporphine.

Sennoside A is a member of the class of sennosides that is rel-(9R,9'R)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-9,9'-bianthracene-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4', by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5', and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10'. The exact stereochemisty at positions 9 and 9' is not known - it may be R,R (as shown) or S,S. It is an oxo dicarboxylic acid and a member of sennosides. Sennoside A, a kind of irritant laxative isolated from rhei rhizome, causes purgative actions in the intestine, it and Sennoside B have protective effects on gastric lesion. Sennoside A also is a new dual HIV-1 inhibitor effective on HIV-1 replication.

Interiotherin A is a lignan with a dibenzocyclooctadiene skeleton isolated from Kadsura interior and has been shown to exhibit anti-HIV activity. It has a role as a metabolite and an anti-HIV agent. It is a lignan, an aromatic ether, a benzoate ester, an oxacycle and an organic heteropentacyclic compound.

Liquidambaric lactone may have inhibitory HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity.

Ganoderic acid GS-1 is a triterpenoid.

Escin Ia and Isoescin IA have been traditionally used clinically as the chief active ingredients of escin, a major triterpene saponin isolated from horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) seeds for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, hemorrhoids, inflammation and edema.

Schisantherin D shows good anti-HIV activity with the EC50 value of 0.5 micrograms/mL, and the therapeutic index (TI) value of 110.