Gelsemine is a highly toxic compound and may be a glycine receptor agonist. Gelsemine has antitumor, anti-hyperlipidemic,anti-oxidative activities,it also has marked antinociception in inflammatory, neuropathic and bone cancer pains without inducing antinociceptive tolerance.

Bicuculline is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. (+)-Bicuculline is a competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors with IC50 of 2 μM, also blocks Ca(2+)-activated potassium channels.It is effective in vitro against spore germination of some plant pathogenic fungi, it can significantly inhibit spore germination of all the fungi at concentrations of 100-1000 ppm.

Kawain is an aromatic ether and a member of 2-pyranones.

Hastatoside is an iridoid monoterpenoid with formula C17H24O11 that is isolated from several plants including Verbena officinalis and exhibits a sleep-promoting effect. It has a role as a hepatoprotective agent and a plant metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a methyl ester, a cyclopentapyran, an iridoid monoterpenoid, an alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester, a monosaccharide derivative and a monoterpene glycoside. Hastatoside and verbenalin are major sleep-promoting components of V. officinalis. Hastatoside has anti-inflammatory activity.

Valerenic acid is a monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylprop-2-enoic acid which is substituted at position 3 by a 3,7-dimethyl-2,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-yl group. A bicyclic sesquiterpenoid constituent of the essential oil of the Valerian plant. It has a role as a volatile oil component, a sedative, a GABA modulator and a plant metabolite. It is a monocarboxylic acid, a sesquiterpenoid and a carbobicyclic compound. It is a conjugate acid of a valerenate. Valerenic acid, a subunit specific allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors, has anxiolytic, and antioxidant activities.

Juncusol shows anxiolytic and sedative activities, it shows anxiolytic activity at dosages of 10 mg/kg; it can induce caspase-3-mediated cytotoxicity in HT22 cells. Juncusol has anti-microbial activity, it shows significant activity against MRSA strains.

5-hydroxytryptophan is a tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5. It has a role as a neurotransmitter and a human metabolite.

L-tryptophan is the L-enantiomer of tryptophan. It has a role as a micronutrient, an antidepressant, a nutraceutical, a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a plant metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a L-alpha-amino acid, a tryptophan, an erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid and a proteinogenic amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-tryptophanium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-tryptophanate.

Alpha-pinene is a pinene that is bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 6 and 6 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite.