Catalpol is a kind of enzyme inhibitors, it has been shown to have antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis and other neuroprotective properties and plays a role in neuroprotection against hypoxic/ischemic injury, AD and PD in both in vivo and in vitro models.Catalpol regulates cholinergic nerve system function through effect on choline acetyl-transferase not M receptor affinity, it has a wide spectrum of targets including Bcl-2 , PI3K, Akt-eNOS, caspase. Catalpol is an organic molecular entity. It has a role as a metabolite.

Diosmin is a disaccharide derivative that consists of diosmetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a monomethoxyflavone, a rutinoside, a dihydroxyflavanone, a glycosyloxyflavone and a disaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a diosmetin.

Neodiosmin has poor aqueous solubility but exerts a good debittering effect and is a strong antioxidant with potential applications in foods, beverages, and pharmaceutical preparations.

Isoescin IB is a natural product from Aesculus hippocastanum L.

Hidrosmin is a glycoside and a member of flavonoids.

Methyl hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside that is hesperidin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' has been replaced by a methoxy group. It is a member of 4'-methoxyflavanones, a member of 3'-methoxyflavanones, a rutinoside, a dimethoxyflavanone, a monohydroxyflavanone, a disaccharide derivative and a flavanone glycoside. It is functionally related to a hesperidin. Methyl hesperidin has potentiating effect on coronary vasodilation induced by adenosine or related compounds, It caused inhibition of nitrendipine transport in the ileum and jejunum, but not in the duodenum. Methyl hesperidin exerts no obvious toxic effects in mice of either sex when administered at a level as high as 5.0% in the diet.

Escin IA is a prodrug and its structure can be converted to desacylescin I by human intestinal bacteria and Lactobacillus brevis., desacylescin I as a biotransformation product shows potentially inhibitory effects on mouse tumor, and a potential candidate for anti tumor agents. Escin IA has anti-TNBC metastasis activity, and its action mechanisms involved inhibition of EMT process by down-regulating LOXL2 expression.

Escin Ia and Isoescin IA have been traditionally used clinically as the chief active ingredients of escin, a major triterpene saponin isolated from horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) seeds for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, hemorrhoids, inflammation and edema.