Alliin is an L-alanine derivative in which one of the methyl hydrogens of L-alanine has been replaced by an (S)-allylsulfinyl group. It has a role as an antioxidant, an antimicrobial agent, a neuroprotective agent, a plant metabolite and a cardioprotective agent. It is a sulfoxide, an olefinic compound, a L-cysteine derivative, a non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid and a L-alanine derivative. It is a tautomer of an alliin zwitterion. Alliin has antiglycating potential , it offers protection against glucose or methyglyoxal induced glycation of superoxide dismutase, hence is expected to have therapeutic potential in the prevention of glycation-mediated diabetic complications. Alliin has anti-inflammatory activity, it protects against Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) by activating PPARγ, which subsequently inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB activation and inflammatory response; alliin has an inhibitory effect in osteoclasteogenesis with a dose-dependent manner via blocking the c-Fos-NFATc1 signaling pathway, it could be a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of osteoporosis. Alliin and sabinene have detectable levels of antimicrobial activity. Alliin， Oral active sulfoxide compounds can be isolated from garlic, which have hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities.

Geraniin is a TNF-α releasing inhibitor with numerous activities including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, has anti-oxidant , and anti-hyperglycemic activities, with an IC50 of 43 μM. Geraniin presents radioprotective effects by regulating DNA damage on splenocytes, exerting immunostimulatory capacities and inhibiting apoptosis of radiosensitive immune cells and jejunal crypt cells. Geraniin induces Nrf2-mediated expression of antioxidant enzymes HO-1 and NQO1, presumably via PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, thereby protecting cells from H2O2-induced oxidative cell death.

Hamaudol has analgesic and anti-inflammary activities, it showed inhibitory activity on COX-1 and COX-2 activities with values of 0.30, 0.57 mM, respectively.

Inulicin is a terpene lactone.

Theaflavin-3-gallate has anticancer and apoptotic effects in non-small cell lung carcinoma, it acts as prooxidants and induce oxidative stress, with carcinoma cells more sensitive than normal fibroblasts. Theaflavin-3-gallate can play a role in decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption via inhibition of micelle formation.

Alpha-Boswellic acid is a triterpenoid. alpha-Boswellic acid (α-BA)has gastroprotective properties by decreasing oxidative stress and the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. α-BA also has protective effects against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in Balb/ cA mice.α-BA could be considered as a potent therapeutic agent for prevention and decreasing the progression of Alzheimer’s hallmarks, it can efficiently reduce hyperphosphorylated Tau (Ser404) in STZ-treated astrocytes and decrease ROS generation and promote proliferation of astrocytes through elevating Survivin expression. Alpha Boswellic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound with oral activity that can be extracted from frankincense. Alpha Boswellic acid has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. Alpha Boswellic acid can be used for research on Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Deapio-platycodin D is a triterpenoid saponin. It has a role as a metabolite.

After treatment with CVGI, Raffinose family oligosaccharide was hydrolyzed effectively to yield galactose and sucrose. AA-PCD resistance in Raffinose-grown cells occurs with a decrease in both ROS production and cytochrome c release as compared to glucose-grown cells en route to AA-PCD.

Dehydroandrographolide succinate can alleviate oxidative stress in LPS-induced acute lung injury possibly by inactivating iNOS. It combined with ribavirin treatedchildren with hand-foodand mouth disease,the duration of fever was shorter,rashes on hands and feet more quickyly.

Myricetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside is a glycosyloxyflavone that is myricetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a pentahydroxyflavone, a beta-D-galactoside, a glycosyloxyflavone and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a myricetin and a beta-D-galactose. Myricetin 3-O-galactoside has cytotoxicity, antioxidant, anti-genotoxic, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects, the effects are related to peripheral inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis, mainly inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).

Neoisoastilbin may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Lobetyolin has a protective role in gastric mucosa injury, and the mechanism may be relate to the increase in level of 6-K-PGF1αand the inhibition the excretion of gastric acid and EGF. Lobetyolin inhibits the gene expression of MUC5AC mucin induced by PMA.

5-O-Methylvisammioside is a naturally occuring product isolated from Saposhnikovia Divaricata and has analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet aggregation effects.

Loganin is a non-competitive inhibitor of BACE1 with IC50 of 47.97 μM an also inhibits AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 3.95 μM and 33.02 μM, respectively. Loganin has neuroprotective, anti-amnesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-shock effects, it also exhibits protective effects against hepatic injury and other diabetic complications associated with abnormal metabolic states and inflammation caused by oxidative stress and advanced glycation endproduct formation. Loganin can attenuate neuroinflammatory responses through the inactivation of NF-κB by NF-κB dependent inflammatory pathways and phosphorylation of MAPK in Aβ25-35-induced PC12 cells, and can protect against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis by inhibiting phosphorylation of JNK, p38, and ERK 1/2 MAPKs in SH-SY5Y cells. Loganin is an iridoid monoterpenoid with formula C17H26O10 that is isolated from several plant species and exhibits neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, a neuroprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor, an EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor and a plant metabolite.

Platyconic acid A suppresses the development of respiratory inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling by reducing allergic responses, and it may be a potential herbal drug for allergen-induced respiratory disease prevention. Platyconic acid A suppresses PMA-induced MUC5AC mRNA expression by inhibiting NF-κB activation via Akt in A549 cells. Platyconic acid A is a triterpenoid saponin. It has a role as a metabolite.

Astringinin is a potent antiarrhythmic agent with cardioprotective activity in ischemic and ischemic-reperfused rat heart, the beneficial effects of astringinin in the ischemic and ischemic-reperfused hearts may be correlated with its antioxidant activity and upregulation of NO production. Astringinin can significantly attenuate proinflammatory responses and hepatic injury after trauma-hemorrhage, the salutary effects of astringinin administration on attenuation of hepatic injury following trauma-hemorrhage are likely due to reduction of pro-inflammatory mediator levels. Trans-astringin is a stilbenoid that is piceatannol substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue. It has a role as an antioxidant, a metabolite and an antineoplastic agent. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a polyphenol, a stilbenoid and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a piceatannol.

Esculentoside A has anti-inflammatory activity , can suppress inflammatory responses in LPS-induced ALI through inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Esculentoside A may be useful for the treatment of autoimmune disease through modulation on T cell-mediated adaptive immunity. Esculentoside A treatment can attenuate CCl4 and GalN/LPS-induced acute liver injury in mice.

Tribuloside has 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, it can improve behavior and BrdU immunoreactive cells of depression model rats and possess antidepressant effect. Tribuloside exhibits antimycobacterial activity against the non-pathogenic Mycobacterium species Mycobacterium madagascariense and Mycobacterium indicus pranii, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 5.0 mg/mL. Tribuloside is a glycosyloxyflavone that is kaempferol attached to a 6-O-[(2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a trihydroxyflavone, a cinnamate ester, a glycosyloxyflavone and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a kaempferol and a trans-4-coumaric acid.