Hydroxysafflor yellow A is a C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).

Miltirone is a CYPs inhibition, it has been characterized as a low-affinity ligand for central benzodiazepine receptors, it might ameliorate the symptoms associated with discontinuation of long-term administration of ethanol or of other positive modulators of the GABA A receptor. Miltirone possesses significant anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, the hepatocyte metabolism is the major route of clearance for miltirone. Miltirone is collateral sensitive in multidrug-resistant P-gp-overexpressing cells, induces G2/M arrest, and triggeres apoptosis via ROS-generated breakdown of MMP and DNA damage. Miltirone has antiprotozoal activity against T. brucei rhodesiense STIB 900.

Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule (ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. Adenosine induces SphK1 activity in human and mouse sickle and normal erythrocytes in vitro, it can activate the neuroimmune system, alter neuronal function and neurotransmission,and contribute to symptoms of sickness and psychopathologies. Adenosine activates mast cells have been long implicated in allergic asthma and studies in rodent mast cells have assigned the A3 Adenosine receptor (A3R) a primary role in mediating Adenosine responses. Adenosine is a ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a betaN9-glycosidic bond. It has a role as an analgesic, a vasodilator agent, an anti-arrhythmia drug, a human metabolite and a fundamental metabolite. It is a purines D-ribonucleoside and a member of adenosines. It is functionally related to an adenine.

Puerarin is a hydroxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4' and a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 8 via a C-glycosidic linkage. It has a role as an autophagy inducer, a ferroptosis inhibitor, an antioxidant, an antipyretic, an anti-inflammatory agent, a plant metabolite and a cardioprotective agent. It is a C-glycosyl compound and a hydroxyisoflavone. It is functionally related to an isoflavone. It is a conjugate acid of a puerarin(1-). Puerarin is a 5-HT2C receptor and benzodiazepine site antagonist, it exerts a regulatory effect on lipid accumulation by decreasing lipogenesis in hepatocytes, it may have therapeutic benefits in the treatment of fatty liver and lipid-related metabolic disorders, it also may act as an intracellular ROS scavenger, and its antioxidant properties may protect against Abeta25-35-induced cell injury,and apoptosis and could also promote the survival of PC12 cells.

Catharanthine Sulfate is a natural product from Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don.

Paederosidic acid methyl ester has antinociception, is possibly related to the pathway of NO-cGMP-ATP sensitive K(+) channels.

Indaconitine is a natural product from Aconitum hemsleyanum PRITZ.

Notoginsenosides Fa and R4 show significant neurite outgrowth enhancing activities in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells.

Catharanthine inhibits nicotinic receptor mediated diaphragm contractions with IC50 of 59.6 μM, it dilates small mesenteric arteries and decreases heart rate and cardiac contractility by inhibition of voltage-operated calcium channels on vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes.

Mesaconitine has antinociceptive activity, has inhibition of stimulus-triggered and spontaneous epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices. It has antiinflammatory activity, it induced Ca2+ influx and activation of nitric-oxide synthase in endothelial cells and, thus, induced vasorelaxation in rat aorta.

Gypenoside XVII confers protection against Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity through estrogen receptor-dependent activation of PI3K/Akt pathways, inactivation of GSK-3β and activation of Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 pathways. Gypenoside XVII has protective effects to the cellular and rodent models of Alzheimer's disease by activating TFEB.

Denudatine has effects on action potential of ventricular fibers and has inhibition on arrhythmogenic action of aconitine.

Beiwutine is a benzoate ester.