Trachelogenin has antiproliferative effect, the mechanism is related to affect the phosphorylation of key proteins such as β-Catenin, c-Myc and GSK3 in the β-Catenin signaling pathway in a concentration-dependent manner.

Avicularin is a quercetin O-glycoside in which an alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl residue is attached at position 3 of quercetin via a glycosidic linkage. It is isolated particularly from Juglans regia and Foeniculum vulgare. It has a role as a hepatoprotective agent and a plant metabolite. It is an alpha-L-arabinofuranoside, a tetrahydroxyflavone, a monosaccharide derivative and a quercetin O-glycoside. Avicularin exhibits anti-inflammatory activity through the suppression of ERK signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells; it inhibits the accumulation of the intracellular lipids by decreasing C/EBPα-activated GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake in adipocytes and potently inhibiting fatty acid synthase.

Delta-tocopherol is a tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by a methyl group at position 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a food antioxidant. It is a tocopherol and a vitamin E.

Eriodictyol has vasodilator, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, it is an antagonist of the transient potential vanilloid 1 receptor (TRPV1) receptor. Eriodictyol may possess antidiabetic properties through increasing glucose uptake and improving insulin resistance, it attenuates the degree of retinal inflammation and plasma lipid peroxidation preserving the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) in early diabetic rats. It may be a potential therapeutic resource for Atopic dermatitis and an adjunctive agent to control itchiness inAtopic dermatitis. (2R)-eriodictoyl-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid is a beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the 7-O-glucuronide of (2R)-eriodictyol. Isolated from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum, it exhibits inhibitory activity for rat lens aldose reductase. It has a role as a metabolite and an EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor. It is a beta-D-glucosiduronic acid and a 3'-hydroxyflavonoid.

Sauchinone possesses diverse pharmacological properties, such as hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. Sauchinone protects skin keratinocytes through inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 MAPK signaling via upregulation of oxidative defense enzymes. Sauchinone can be used for the prevention of functional β-cell damage, it prevents cytokine-induced NO production, iNOS expression,JAK/STAT activation,and NF-κB activation and inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS).

Aloinoside B is a member of anthracenes.

After treatment with CVGI, Raffinose family oligosaccharide was hydrolyzed effectively to yield galactose and sucrose. AA-PCD resistance in Raffinose-grown cells occurs with a decrease in both ROS production and cytochrome c release as compared to glucose-grown cells en route to AA-PCD.

Myricetin, a natural flavonoid with anti-amyloidogenic, anti-oxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties, is a novel inhibitor of MEK1 activity and inhibits glucose uptake in isolated rat adipocytes . It also inhibits PI3Kγ with Kd of 0.17 μM. Myricetin exerts potent anti-photoaging activity by regulating MMP-9 expression through the suppression of Raf kinase activity. Myricetin can enhance osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Myricetin is a hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7. It has been isolated from the leaves of Myrica rubra and other plants. It has a role as a geroprotector, an antioxidant, a hypoglycemic agent, an antineoplastic agent, a cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor, a plant metabolite and a food component. It is a hexahydroxyflavone and a 7-hydroxyflavonol. It is a conjugate acid of a myricetin(1-).

1,2-Disinapoylgentiobiose is a glycoside. It is functionally related to a hydroxycinnamic acid.

Ganoderenic acid A has a potent hepatoprotective, and cytotoxic effects, it shows inhibitory activity on human aldose reductase in vitro.

Norwogonin is a trihydroxyflavone with the hydroxy groups at positions C-5, -7 and -8. It has a role as an antioxidant and a metabolite. Norwogonin(IC 50 = 1.1 microM) shows potent inhibitory activity toward VHR.