1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose is a galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions. It has a role as a geroprotector, an antineoplastic agent, a radical scavenger, a hepatoprotective agent, a radiation protective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and a plant metabolite. It is a galloyl beta-D-glucose and a gallate ester. It is a conjugate acid of a 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose(1-).

Trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid is a cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of quinic acid. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a cinnamate ester and a cyclitol carboxylic acid. It is functionally related to a trans-caffeic acid and a (-)-quinic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinate. Neochlorogenic acid shows antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and antipyretic activities and exerts neuroprotective effects through the inhibition of pro-inflammatory pathways in activated microglia. Neochlorogenic acid is a natural polyphenolic compound found in dried fruits and other plants. Neochlorogenic acid inhibits the production of TNF - α and IL-1 β. Neochlorogenic acid inhibits the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins. Neochlorogenic acid also inhibits the activation of phosphorylated NF - κ B p65 and p38 MAPK.

Geraniin is a TNF-α releasing inhibitor with numerous activities including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, has anti-oxidant , and anti-hyperglycemic activities, with an IC50 of 43 μM. Geraniin presents radioprotective effects by regulating DNA damage on splenocytes, exerting immunostimulatory capacities and inhibiting apoptosis of radiosensitive immune cells and jejunal crypt cells. Geraniin induces Nrf2-mediated expression of antioxidant enzymes HO-1 and NQO1, presumably via PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, thereby protecting cells from H2O2-induced oxidative cell death.

Licoflavone A is a member of flavones.

Eriocitrin is a disaccharide derivative that consists of eriodictyol substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as an antioxidant. It is a member of 4'-hydroxyflavanones, a rutinoside, a trihydroxyflavanone, a member of 3'-hydroxyflavanones, a disaccharide derivative and a flavanone glycoside. It is functionally related to an eriodictyol. Eriocitrin is powerful antioxidative flavonoid, it can prevent oxidative damages caused by acute exercise-induced oxidative stress, it also has lipid-lowering effect in rats on a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. Eriocitrin is a potent inhibitor of human carbonic anhydrase VA isozyme.

8-O-Acetylharpagide is a glycoside and an iridoid monoterpenoid.

Oleuropein is a secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). Oleuropein exhibits anti-ischemic, antioxidative, hypolipidemic, in vitro antimycoplasmal , anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects., it also may be helpful in the prevention of diabetic complications associated with oxidative stress. Oleuropein prevents oxidative myocardial injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion, and reduces viremia in duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV)-infected ducks. Oleuropein reduces TLR and MAPK signaling.

Gossypol is an effective natural antimicrobial agent against a wide range of potential fungal pathogens of cotton.Gossypol shows a significant increase in accumulation of acidic vesicular organelle, is a promising drug that induces autophagic cell death in radioresistant malignant glioma.Gossypol binds to Bcl-xL protein and Bcl-2 protein with Kis of 0.5-0.6 μM and 0.2-0.3 mM, respectively. Gossypol is an aldehyde, a hydroxynaphthalene, a polyphenol and a hexol. It has a role as an antispermatogenic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and a plant metabolite.

Ginsenoside Rk1 has anti-tumor, and anti-platelet aggregation activities. Ginsenoside Rk1 can strongly inhibit permeability induced by VEGF, advance glycation end-product, thrombin, or histamine in human retinal endothelial cells, it reduces the vessel leakiness of retina in a diabetic mouse model; this anti-permeability activity of Rk1 is correlated with enhanced stability and positioning of tight junction proteins at the boundary between cells; Rk1 induces phosphorylation of myosin light chain and cortactin, which are critical regulators for the formation of the cortical actin ring structure and endothelial barrier.

Clerosterol as a precursor of cyasterone, isocyasterone and 29-norcyasterone in biosynthesis of phytoecdysteroids of Ajuga hairy roots. Clerosterol exerts its cytotoxic effect in A2058 human melanoma cells by caspases-dependent apoptosis. Clerosterol is a steroid. It derives from a hydride of a stigmastane.

Amarogentin incorporated in liposomes or niosomes may have clinical application in the treatment of leishmaniasis. It plays cemopreventive/therapeutic role during liver carcinogenesis through modulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. Amarogentin may offer therapeutic potential for preventing or treating thromboembolic disorders, it prevents platelet activation through the inhibition of PLC γ2-PKC cascade and MAPK pathway. Amarogentin is a secoiridoid glycoside that consists of (4aS,5R,6R)-5-ethenyl-6-hydroxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1-one having a 2-O-[(3,3',5-trihydroxybiphenyl-2-yl)carbonyl]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl group attached at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a metabolite and an EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor. It is a secoiridoid glycoside and a monosaccharide derivative.

4-Hydroxyisoleucine is an isoleucine derivative. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine has antidepressant-like, antidyslipidemic, and antihyperglycemic effects. It acts to improve insulin resistance by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis in high fructose diet fed STZ induced diabetic rats, it also has beneficial effects on low-grade inflammation. 4-Hydroxyisoleucineis an orally active amino acid that can be isolated from fenugreek seeds. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine has insulin promoting and anti diabetes properties.

Dehydroabietic acid , a major poison to fishes in pulp and paper mill effluents, which could be useful in improving the diabetic wound healing, it can reverse several cell responses stimulated by TNF-α, including the activation of FOXO1 and the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway. Dehydroabietic acid derivatives displays antisecretory and antipepsin effect, have gastroprotective activity in the HCl/EtOH-induced gastric lesions in mice as well as for cytotoxicity in human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) and human epithelial gastric (AGS) cells. Dehydroabietic acid is an abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group. It has a role as a metabolite and an allergen. It is a monocarboxylic acid, an abietane diterpenoid and a carbotricyclic compound. It is functionally related to an abietic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a dehydroabietate.

Ligupurpuroside C can significantly inhibit lipid accumulation in HepG2 cell at the concentration of 50 umol/L.

Eriocalyxin B induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells through caspase- and p53-dependent pathways, should be considered a candidate for pancreatic cancer treatment; it is a specific inhibitor of STAT3, it directly targets STAT3 through a covalent linkage to inhibit the phosphorylation and activation of STAT3 and induces apoptosis of STAT3-dependent tumor cells. Eriocalyxin B exerts potent antiinflammatory effects through selective modulation of pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells by targeting critical signaling pathways. Eriocalyxin B reversibly interfer with the binding of p65 and p50 subunits to the DNA in a noncompetitive manner.

Chlorogenic acid, a phenolic compound found ubiquitously in plants, is an antioxidant and metal chelator, it has antiviral activity by inhibiting HBV replication, it inhibits the inflammatory reaction in HSE via the suppression of TLR2/TLR9-Myd88 signaling pathways. Some derivatives of chlorogenic acid are hypoglycemic agents and may affect lipid metabolism, chlorogenic acid can improve glucose tolerance, decrease some plasma and liver lipids, and improve mineral pool distribution in vivo. Chlorogenic acid is a cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of quinic acid. It is an intermediate metabolite in the biosynthesis of lignin. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a food component. It is a tannin and a cinnamate ester. It is functionally related to a trans-caffeic acid and a (-)-quinic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a chlorogenate.

Dihydrocurcumin is a beta-diketone that is curcumin in which one of the double bonds has been reduced to a single bond. It is functionally related to a curcumin. Dihydrocurcumin is an intermediate product converted from curcumin.

Brazilin exhibits cancer preventive, anti-hepatotoxicity, antiplatelet activity, and anti-inflammatory activities, it also inhibits UVB-induced MMP-1/3 expressions and secretions by suppressing of NF-κB activation in human dermal fibroblasts, thus, it might be used as a potential agent for treatment of UV-induced skin photoaging. Brazilin has anti-IKK activity, can selectively disrupt proximal IL-1 receptor signaling complex formation by targeting an IKK-upstream signaling components. Brazilin induces vasorelaxation by the increasing intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in endothelial cells of blood vessels and hence activating Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent NO synthesis. Brazilin is a tertiary alcohol, a member of catechols and an organic heterotetracyclic compound. It has a role as an antioxidant, a biological pigment, an antibacterial agent, an antineoplastic agent, a hepatoprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inducer, a NF-kappaB inhibitor, a plant metabolite and a histological dye.