(-)-Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) can inhibit fat synthesis and reduces food intake, the primary mechanism of action of HCA appears to be related to its ability to act as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme ATP-citrate lyase, which catalyzes the conversion of citrate and coenzyme A to oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), primary building blocks of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. Hydroxycitric acid ameliorates high-fructose-induced redox imbalance and activation of stress sensitive kinases in male Wistar rats through its hypolipidemic effects.

Mogroside IIe is a bitter triterpenoid saponin which is the main component of unripe Luo Han Guo fruit and a precursor of the commercially available sweetener mogroside V. Mogroside II-E is a mogroside, a beta-D-glucoside, a 3-hydroxy steroid and a steroid saponin.

Fucoxanthin shows anti-obesity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, chemopreventive and/or chemotherapeutic effects. Dietary combination of fucoxanthin and fish oil attenuates the weight gain of white adipose tissue and decreases blood glucose in obese/diabetic KK-Ay mice. Fucoxanthin suppresses the inflammation of endotoxin-induced uveitis by blocking the iNOS and COX-2 protein expression and its anti-inflammatory effect on eye is comparable with the effect of predinisolone used in similar doses. Fucoxanthin is an epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties. It has a role as a hypoglycemic agent, a hepatoprotective agent, a neuroprotective agent, a CFTR potentiator, an apoptosis inhibitor, a marine metabolite, a plant metabolite, a food antioxidant and an algal metabolite. It is a tertiary alcohol, an epoxycarotenol, a secondary alcohol, a member of allenes and an acetate ester.

Mogroside IIA1 is a mogroside that is mogrol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen at position 24 has been replaced by a 6-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl group. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a bacterial xenobiotic metabolite. It is a mogroside, a beta-D-glucoside and a disaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a mogrol and a beta-D-Glcp-(1->6)-beta-D-Glcp. Mogroside V is a widely used sweetener, has in vitro AMPK activating effect, it also has anti-inflammatory potential in murine macrophages and a murine ear edema model, and has the potential to protect against LPS-induced airway inflammation in a model of ALI.

Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is a member of the dihydrochalcones that is 3,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone attached to a neohesperidosyl residue at position 4' via glycosidic linkage. It is found in sweet orange. It has a role as a xenobiotic, a sweetening agent, a plant metabolite and an environmental contaminant. It is a neohesperidoside, a disaccharide derivative and a member of dihydrochalcones. Neohesperidin, a natural new nutrition sweetener, has antioxidant (IC50=22.31ug/mL), anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. It can attenuate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via the inhibition of neuronal and oxidative stress through the regulation of the apoptotic pathway and activating the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, it may be useful for the treatment and/or protection of gastritis.

Saikogenin D possesses a dual effect: an inhibition of A23187-induced PGE2 production without a direct inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity; and an elevation of [Ca2+]i that is attributed to Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Saikogenin D has immunomodulatory effect, it can attenuate IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages of B6 more than in that of BALB.

Naringin Dihydrochalcone is an artificial sweetener derived from naringin. Naringin is a major flavanone glycoside obtained from tomatoes, grapefruits, and many other citrus fruits. Naringin exhibits biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Naringin suppresses NF-κB signaling pathway. Naringin dihydrochalcone is a glycoside and a member of flavonoids.

Salicin is an aryl beta-D-glucoside that is salicyl alcohol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue. It has a role as a metabolite, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a non-narcotic analgesic, an antipyretic, an EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor and a prodrug. It is a member of benzyl alcohols, an aryl beta-D-glucoside and an aromatic primary alcohol. It is functionally related to a salicyl alcohol.

Mogroside IVe can inhibit the proliferation of HT29 and Hep-2 cells in culture and in xenografted mice in a dose-dependent manner, which is accompanied by the upregulation of tumor suppressor p53, and downregulation of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2.

gamma-Mangostin is a dual agonist that activates both PPARδ and PPARα, is also a novel competitive antagonist for the 5-HT2A receptors in vascular smooth muscles and platelets.gamma-Mangostin has free radical scavenging activity, and antiproliferative and apoptotic activity in HepG2 cells, and exhibits antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, analgesic effects. gamma-Mangostin could as a preventive agent of the metabolic syndrome, and could serve as a micronutrient for colon cancer prevention. Gamma-mangostin is a member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antitumour activity. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, a protein kinase inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a member of phenols and a member of xanthones.