Kakkalide is a potent lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) inhibitor, it has anti-inflammatory effects. Kakkalide can inhibit ROS-associated inflammation and ameliorated insulin-resistant endothelial dysfunction by beneficial effects on IRS-1 function.Kakkalide attenuates ethanol-induced gastric injury in mice by inhibiting the infiltration of neutrophils, it also shows protective effects on ethanol-induced lethality and hepatic injury are dependent on its biotransformation by human intestinal microflora.

Schisantherin A, B, C, and D show good effect in lowering the serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase level of the patients suffering from chronic virus hepatitis.

Aucubigenin is an iridoid monoterpenoid.

Salvianolic acid and notoginseng triterpenes can promote EA-hy926 and expression of protein, have protective effects on angiogenesis in EA-hy926 cells in vitro.

L-leucine is the L-enantiomer of leucine. It has a role as a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a plant metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a L-alpha-amino acid, a leucine, a pyruvate family amino acid and a proteinogenic amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-leucinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-leucinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-leucine. It is a tautomer of a L-leucine zwitterion. L-Leucine is an essential amino acid for the human body, L-Leucine improves the anemia and developmental defects associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia and del(5q) MDS by activating the mTOR pathway, and an excess of dietary l-leucine has been shown to retard the growth of rats fed low-protein diets or diets deficient in isoleucine.

Taraxerol can be used as a lipid biomarker for mangrove input to the SE Atlantic. Taraxerol has potent anti-inflammatory effects,it downregulates the expression of proinflammatory mediators in macrophages by interfering with the activation of TAK1 and Akt, thus preventing NF-κB activation. Taraxerol also has anti-cancer activity, it shows inhibitory effects on AGS cell growth through inducing G2/M arrest and promotion of cell apoptosis, taraxeryl acetate has less effect on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of AGS cells than taraxerol.

6-hydroxyflavanone is a monohydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 6. It has a role as a fungal xenobiotic metabolite. 6-Methoxyflavanone shows significant immunomodulatory potential.

L-valine is the L-enantiomer of valine. It has a role as a micronutrient, a nutraceutical, a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a L-alpha-amino acid, a pyruvate family amino acid, a valine and a proteinogenic amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-valinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-valinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-valine. It is a tautomer of a L-valine zwitterion. L-Valine is an essential amino acid for the human body. L-Valine and L-isoleucine could be used in the supplements of low-protein corn and soybean meal all-vegetable diets for broilers.

Deacetylasperulosidic acid inhibits the reduction of ear swelling, and also cancels the suppression of IL-2 production along with the activation of natural killer cells in the same manner as that of Noni-ext. Deacetylasperulosidic acid may increase catalase activity.

L-threonine is an optically active form of threonine having L-configuration. It has a role as a micronutrient, a nutraceutical, a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a plant metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a L-alpha-amino acid, an aspartate family amino acid, a threonine and a proteinogenic amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-threoninium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-threoninate. L-Threonine is a natural amino acid, can be produced by microbial fermentation, and is used in food, medicine, or feed.

Silydianin, an active constituent of Silybium marianum, has inhibitory effect on on the in vitro production and release of oxidative products. Silydianin has possible antiinflammatory activity, which regulates caspase-3 activation, affects cell membranes and acts as a free radical scavenger.

Kadsurin has anti-oxidant activity, it induces enzymes capable of scavenging oxygen radical species in the liver. Kadsurin may be valuable antitumor promoters or chemopreventors. Kadsurin, (-)- is a tannin. It has a role as a metabolite.

Silibinin is a flavonolignan isolated from milk thistle, Silybum marianum, that has been shown to exhibit antioxidant and antineoplastic activities. It has a role as an antioxidant, an antineoplastic agent, a hepatoprotective agent and a plant metabolite. It is a secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone, a polyphenol, an aromatic ether, a benzodioxine and a flavonolignan. Silybin A has oxidative effects, it shows stronger effects on cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction than silybin.

Deoxyschizandrin is a tannin.

Amaroswerin is a member of biphenyls.

Schisantherin A is a tannin.