Salvianolic acid E is a natural product from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.

Sodium aescinate has immunity enhancing,anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, may effectively control and improve wound healing in diabetic rats. It has obvious antiangiogenic effect, the initiation of angiogenesis and proliferation of endothelial cell are inhibited and the secretion of VEGF is also decreased. Sodium aescinate can protect the lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), which may be mediated by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, upregulating Bcl-2 gene protein expression, improving the ratio of Bcl-2/ Bax to inhibit lung apoptosis.;it also can protect against liver injury induced by methyl parathion.

Crebanine has antiarrhythmic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties; it can significantly improve the cognitive deficits induced by scopolamine, via the alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, crebanine or its scaffold can be used as the starting point to develop a drug for Alzheimer's disease.Crebanine can reduce TNF-α-induced cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and survival by suppressing NF-κB activity and expression profile of its downstream genes.

Bilobalide possesses anticonvulsant, insecticidal, and cardioprotective effects. Bilobalide exerts protective and trophic effects on neurons, the PI3K/Akt pathway may be involved in the protective effects of bilobalide; it also can protect PC12 cells from A beta 25-35-induced cytotoxicity, it dose-dependently attenuates the cytotoxic effect of A beta 25-35. Bilobalide is a terpenoid trilactone found in extracts of Ginkgo biloba.

Gardoside is a glycoside.

Gomisin J is a good substrate of cytochrome P450 3A4(CYP3A4), it has vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer effects, it also has preventive effects on angiotensin II-induced hypertension via an increased nitric oxide bioavailability. Gomisin J has potential benefits in treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, it can suppress lipid accumulation by regulating the expression of lipogenic and lipolytic enzymes and inflammatory molecule. Halogenated gomisin J is a potent inhibitor of the cytopathic effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) on MT-4 human T cells (50% effective dose, 0.1 to 0.5 microM).

Trans sodium crocetinate (TSC) has been developed to enhance the delivery of oxygen to hypoxic tissues, TSC with temozolomide and radiation therapy for glioblastoma multiforme. TSC provides neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in obese mice, it improves outcomes in rodent models of occlusive and hemorrhagic stroke.

Chrysophanol (Chrysophanic acid) is a natural anthraquinone, which inhibits EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR and suppresses activation of AKT and mTOR/p70S6K. Chrysophanol has anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity and anti-diabetic properties, it can play metabolic roles in the insulin-stimulated glucose transport pathway; it can inhibit NALP3 inflammasome activation and ameliorate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in mice; it also is active against plant powdery mildew.

Methyl hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside that is hesperidin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' has been replaced by a methoxy group. It is a member of 4'-methoxyflavanones, a member of 3'-methoxyflavanones, a rutinoside, a dimethoxyflavanone, a monohydroxyflavanone, a disaccharide derivative and a flavanone glycoside. It is functionally related to a hesperidin. Methyl hesperidin has potentiating effect on coronary vasodilation induced by adenosine or related compounds, It caused inhibition of nitrendipine transport in the ileum and jejunum, but not in the duodenum. Methyl hesperidin exerts no obvious toxic effects in mice of either sex when administered at a level as high as 5.0% in the diet.

Morroniside has therapeutic effects on diabetic angiopathies, renal damage, lipid metabolism and inflammation and bone resorption. Morroniside can notably protect the brain from damage induced by focal cerebral ischemia which might be related to morroniside antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties in the brain.Morroniside can decrease the level of cycloxygenase(Cox) and it may be the mechanism of morroniside on inhibiting the platelet aggregation induced by ADP in rabbits.

Notoginsenoside R1(NR1) is the main ingredient with cardiovascular activity in Panax notoginseng, which has some neuronal protective, antihypertensive,antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and immune-stimulatory activities. NR1 can counteract endotoxin-induced activation of endothelial cells in vitro and endotoxin-induced lethality in mice in vivo. NR1 inhibits TNF-α-induced PAI-1 overexpression via extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK1/2) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB) signaling pathways, it attenuates amyloid-β-induced damage in neurons by inhibiting reactive oxygen species and modulating MAPK activation. Notoginsenoside R1 is a ginsenoside found in Panax notoginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(12)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.