Marein shows neuroprotective effect on PC12 cell damage induced by methylglyoxal, which is due to a reduction of damage to mitochondria function and activation of the AMPK signal pathway, it may be a potent compound for preventing/counteracting diabetic encephalopathy. Marein can improve insulin resistance induced by high glucose in HepG2 cells through CaMKK/AMPK/GLUT1 to promote glucose uptake, through IRS/Akt/GSK-3β to increase glycogen synthesis, and through Akt/FoxO1 to decrease gluconeogenesis. Marein shows antioxidant activity, it shows Histone deacetylase enzymes (HDACs) inhibitory activity and it also can inhibit TNFα-induced NF-κB activation.

Alismoxide shows an inhibitory effect on the contraction of isolated bladder smooth muscle induced by carbachol; it demonstrates cytostatic action in HeLa cells, revealing potential use in virostatic cocktails. Alismoxide has inhibitory effects on vascular contraction induced by high concentration of KCl; it also shows an inhibitory effect on the direct passive Arthus reaction (DPAR) in rats in the type III allergic model. Alismoxide is a natural compound.

Flavanomarein demonstrates potent antioxidative property, including free radical scavenging activity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, as well as lipid‑lowering effects in human HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells treated with free fatty acids (FFAs).

Steviolbioside is a beta-D-glucoside that is steviolmonoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the glucoside moiety has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside. It has a role as an antitubercular agent, a sweetening agent and a plant metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a monocarboxylic acid, a bridged compound, an ent-kaurane diterpenoid, a tetracyclic diterpenoid and a diterpene glycoside. It is functionally related to a steviolmonoside. Steviolbioside is a natural sweetener, it presents notable inhibition on human hepatocarcinoma cell Hep3B, human breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231 and human pancreatic cancer cell BxPC-3, thus, steviolbioside could be a potential remedy for human breast cancer. Steviolbioside also exhibits moderate antituberculosis activity against M. tuberculosis strain H37RV in vitro.

Rebaudioside C belongs to the family of Steviol Glycosides. It is a natural constituent of the plant Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and used as natural sweeteners to diabetics and others on carbohydrate-controlled diets.

6-Prenylnaringenin is an isomer of the potent phytoestrogen, 8-prenylnaringenin. It exhibits both mixed and non-competitive inhibitory characteristics against tyrosinase, tyrosinase is the rate-limiting enzyme for the production of melanin and other pigments via the oxidation of l-tyrosine. 6-Prenylnaringenin has anti-cancer potential , dose-dependent reduction of cellular proliferation of human PC-3 prostate cancer and UO.31 renal carcinoma cells upon treatment. 6-Prenylnaringenin can inhibit 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation (1μg/ear) in mice, it also exhibits inhibitory effects on skin-tumor promotion in anin vivo two-stagemouse-skin carcinogenesis test based on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]- anthracene (DMBA) as initiator and with TPA as promoter. 6-prenylnaringenin is a trihydroxyflavanone having a structure of naringenin prenylated at C-6. It has a role as a T-type calcium channel blocker. It is a member of 4'-hydroxyflavanones, a (2S)-flavan-4-one and a trihydroxyflavanone. It is functionally related to a (S)-naringenin.

14-Deoxyandrographolide has hepatoprotective activity, mediates activation of adenylate cyclase-cAMP signaling leading to up-regulation of cNOS, may provide a promising approach in the prevention of liver diseases during chronic alcoholism. It desensitizes hepatocytes to TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis through the release of TNFRSF1A.

Yohimbic acid is a yohimban alkaloid. It is functionally related to a 17alpha-yohimbol.

Chlorogenic acid, a phenolic compound found ubiquitously in plants, is an antioxidant and metal chelator, it has antiviral activity by inhibiting HBV replication, it inhibits the inflammatory reaction in HSE via the suppression of TLR2/TLR9-Myd88 signaling pathways. Some derivatives of chlorogenic acid are hypoglycemic agents and may affect lipid metabolism, chlorogenic acid can improve glucose tolerance, decrease some plasma and liver lipids, and improve mineral pool distribution in vivo. Chlorogenic acid is a cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of quinic acid. It is an intermediate metabolite in the biosynthesis of lignin. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a food component. It is a tannin and a cinnamate ester. It is functionally related to a trans-caffeic acid and a (-)-quinic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a chlorogenate.

Steviol is an ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is 5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid in which the hydrogen at position 13 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent. It is a tertiary allylic alcohol, a monocarboxylic acid, a bridged compound, an ent-kaurane diterpenoid and a tetracyclic diterpenoid. It is a conjugate acid of a steviol(1-). Steviol, a natural sweetener, it inhibits proliferation of the gastrointestinal cancer cells intensively. Steviol can treat polycystic kidney disease, it slowed cyst growth, in part, by reducing AQP2 transcription, promoted proteasome, and lysosome-mediated AQP2 degradation. Steviol can induce a significant increase in CYP3A29 expression.

L-arginine is an L-alpha-amino acid that is the L-isomer of arginine. It has a role as a micronutrient, a nutraceutical, a biomarker, a mouse metabolite and an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a L-alpha-amino acid, a glutamine family amino acid, an arginine and a proteinogenic amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-argininium(1+). It is a conjugate acid of a L-argininate. It is an enantiomer of a D-arginine. L-Arginine is the nitrogen donor for synthesis of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator that is deficient during times of sickle cell crisis. L-Arginine exhibits anti-atherosclerotic effect, L-arginine and soy enriched diet are effective in prevention of osteoporosis associated with diabetes mellitus. Exogenous L-Arginine could enhance neonate lymphocyte proliferation through an interleukin-2-independent pathway.

L-citrulline is the L-enantiomer of citrulline. It has a role as a micronutrient, a protective agent, a nutraceutical, an EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor, a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a human metabolite. It is an enantiomer of a D-citrulline. It is a tautomer of a L-citrulline zwitterion.

Dehydroevodiamine hydrochloride has novel anti-cholinesterase and antiamnesic activities, it inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity in a dose-dependent and non-competitive manner(IC50=37.8 microM); its potent antiamnesic effect is thought to be due to the combined effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibition and the known cerebral blood flow enhancement. Dehydroevodiamine hydrochloride (0.1-0.3 mg/kg iv) can increase the cerebral blood flow recorded from the surface of the supra-sylvian gyrus in anesthetized cats, suggest that it selectively increases cerebral blood flow.

Ginsenoside Rh1 has anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and anti-tumor activities, it may improve glucocorticoid efficacy in hormone-dependent diseases. It inhibits MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways and downstream transcription factors such as NF-κB and AP-1, which play an important role in MMP gene expressions; it also inhibits IFN-gamma-induced JAK/STAT and ERK signaling pathways and downstream transcription factors, and thereby iNOS gene expression. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh1 is a tetracyclic triterpenoid that is (20S)-protopanaxadiol which is substituted by beta-D-glucoside at the 6alpha position. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid, a beta-D-glucoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid, a 3beta-hydroxy steroid, a 12beta-hydroxy steroid and a ginsenoside. It derives from a hydride of a dammarane.

Pinoresinol has antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, and fungicidal activities, it can protect pial microcirculation from I-reperfusion injury, to increase nitric oxide release and to reduce oxidative stress preserving pial blood flow distribution; it may exert pharmacologically interesting effects via modulation of the insulin-like signalling pathway in C. elegans. Pinoresinol causes an upregulation of the CDK inhibitor p21(WAF1/Cip1) both at mRNA and protein levels, inhibits NF-kappaB and activating protein 1 (AP-1). (+)-pinoresinol is an enantiomer of pinoresinol having (+)-1S,3aR,4S,6aR-configuration. It has a role as a hypoglycemic agent, a plant metabolite and a phytoestrogen.