Aristolochic acid A is an aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. Aristolochic acid A (Aristolochic acid I; TR 1736) is the main component of plant extracts Aristolochic acids, which are present in Aristolochia and Asarum herbaceous plants. Aristolochic acid A significantly reduces the activity of activator protein 1 (AP-1) and NF - κ B. Aristolochic acid A reduces the expression of bladder cancer related BLCAP gene in human cells.

Spinosin has neuroprotective, anxiolytic-like and anti-inflammatory effects, it ameliorated memory impairment induced through AβO, the serotonergic neurotransmitter system, it also potentiated pentobarbital-induced sleep via the serotonergic system.

Onjisaponin B induces autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway, increases the NGF level and accelerates both the removal of mutant huntingtin and A53T α-synuclein, it may have potential therapeutic effects on Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease and Huntington disease. Onjisaponins may provide safe and potent adjuvants for intranasal inoculation of influenza HA and DPT vaccines. Senegin III is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a hydroxy monocarboxylic acid, a cinnamate ester and a triterpenoid saponin. It has a role as a hypoglycemic agent and a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to a 4-methoxycinnamic acid. It derives from a hydride of an oleanane.

Solanesol is a nonaprenol that is hexatriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34-nonaen-1-ol substituted by 9 methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31 and 35 (the all-trans0stereoisomer). It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a primary alcohol and a nonaprenol. Solanesol can effectively scavenge lipid radicals to block lipid peroxidation, and inhibit effects on tyrosinase; it also can protect ethanol-induced L02 cell damage, which might be attributed to the activation of HO-1 and Hsp70.

Lanosterol is a tetracyclic triterpenoid that is lanosta-8,24-diene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at the 3beta position. It is the compound from which all steroids are derived. It has a role as a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a plant metabolite, a bacterial metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a 14alpha-methyl steroid, a tetracyclic triterpenoid and a 3beta-sterol. It derives from a hydride of a lanostane. Lanosterol is a key triterpenoid intermediate in the biosynthesis of Cholesterol. Lanosterol induces mild depolarization of mitochondria and promotes autophagy, it is indicative of altered Lanosterol metabolism during PD pathogenesis. 10 μM Lanosterol during IVM in medium without serum and bases on recombinant human chorionic gonadotrophin has a positive effect on maturation of prepubertal ewe oocytes.

Corynoxine B, a natural autophagy inducer, restores the deficient cytosolic translocation of HMGB1 and autophagy in cells overexpressing SNCA, which may be attributed to its ability to block SNCA-HMGB1 interaction. Corynoxine B exhibits prolongation of the thiopental-induced hypnosis on oral administration in mice. Corynoxine B is a member of indolizines. It has a role as a metabolite.

Reserpine is an alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. It has a role as an adrenergic uptake inhibitor, an antihypertensive agent, a xenobiotic, a first generation antipsychotic, an EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite and an environmental contaminant. It is a methyl ester, a yohimban alkaloid and an alkaloid ester. It is functionally related to a reserpic acid. Reserpine is an inhibitor of multidrug efflux pumps, used as an antipsychotic and antihypertensive drug. Reserpine ameliorates Abeta toxicity in the Alzheimer's disease model in Caenorhabditis elegans, it can significantly delay paralysis and increase the longevity in this model.

L-dopa is an optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease. It has a role as a plant growth retardant, an antiparkinson drug, a dopaminergic agent, a prodrug, a neurotoxin, a hapten, an allelochemical, an antidyskinesia agent, a mouse metabolite, a plant metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a L-tyrosine derivative, a dopa and a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid. Levodopa is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), used to treat Parkinson's symptoms.