Gymnemagenin is a potent and selective antagonist for the β isoform of LXR, it has antihyperglycemic activity, it can be considered further for development into a potent anti-diabetic drug.

4-Hydroxyisoleucine is an isoleucine derivative. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine has antidepressant-like, antidyslipidemic, and antihyperglycemic effects. It acts to improve insulin resistance by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis in high fructose diet fed STZ induced diabetic rats, it also has beneficial effects on low-grade inflammation. 4-Hydroxyisoleucineis an orally active amino acid that can be isolated from fenugreek seeds. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine has insulin promoting and anti diabetes properties.

Apigenin-7-0-glucuronide is a glucosiduronic acid and a member of flavonoids.

(R)-goitrin is a 5-ethenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione that has R-configuration. It is a constituent of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Radix isatidis. It has a role as an antiviral agent and a plant metabolite. It is an enantiomer of a (S)-goitrin. Epigoitrin and fructopyrano-(1→4)-glucopyranose(FG) from the traditional Chinese medicine Isatidis radix, exhibit in vitro cooperation, they have in vitro anti-virus activity.

Raspberry ketone prevents and improves obesity and fatty liver by increasing norepinephrine-induced lipolysis in white adipocytes, it also can increase the fatty acid oxidation and suppressed lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Raspberry ketone has anti-melanogenic activity, it could be used to treat hyperpigmentation. Raspberry ketone enhances the differentiation of C3H10T1/2 stem cells into osteoblasts, and it may promote bone formation by an action unrelated to adipocyte differentiation. Raspberry ketone is a ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy group. It is found in a variety of fruits including raspberries, blackberries and cranberries, and is used in perfumery and cosmetics. It has a role as a metabolite, an androgen antagonist, a flavouring agent, a fragrance, a hepatoprotective agent and a cosmetic. It is a member of phenols and a methyl ketone.

Protogracillin may have inhibitions on platelet aggregation (PAG) and thrombosis.

Cirsimarin shows antioxidant activity; it also exerts potent antilipogenic effect and decreases adipose tissue deposition in mice, it could therefore be a potential candidate for the treatment of obesity. Cirsimarin is a glycoside and a member of flavonoids.

Tilianin has anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic, antihypertensive and vasorelaxant activities, mediates relaxation and antihypertension mainly by an endothelium-dependent manner, probably due to NO release, and also through an endothelium-independent pathway by opening K+ channels. Tilianin inhibits the tumor necrotic factor-K (TNF-K)-induced expression of VCAM-1 by 74% and reduces TNF-K-induced activation of nuclear factor-UB in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

Rebaudioside A is a rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside. It has a role as a sweetening agent. It is a rebaudioside and a beta-D-glucoside. It is functionally related to a rubusoside and a beta-D-Glcp-(1->2)-[beta-D-Glcp-(1->3)]-beta-D-Glcp. Rebaudioside A, an natural sweetening ingredient, is approximately 250 to 300 times sweeter than sucrose, do not contribute calories or carbohydrates to the diet and do not affect blood glucose or insulin response. It is a α-glucosidase inhibitor with IC50 of 35.01 μg/ml.

Astragaloside II is a potent autophagy inhibitor and multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal agent, which restores chemosensitivity of anticancer agent cisplatin and enhances tumor cell death. It has immunomodulating activity, can trigger T cell activation through regulation of CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, it induces osteogenic activities of osteoblasts through the bone morphogenetic protein-2/MAPK and Smad1/5/8 pathways. Astragaloside II is a triterpenoid saponin that is cycloastragenol glycosylated at positions 3 and 6 by 2-O-acetyl-beta-D-xylosyl and beta-D-glucosyl residues respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a member of oxolanes, a triterpenoid saponin and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a cycloastragenol.