4-Hydroxyisoleucine is an isoleucine derivative. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine has antidepressant-like, antidyslipidemic, and antihyperglycemic effects. It acts to improve insulin resistance by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis in high fructose diet fed STZ induced diabetic rats, it also has beneficial effects on low-grade inflammation. 4-Hydroxyisoleucineis an orally active amino acid that can be isolated from fenugreek seeds. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine has insulin promoting and anti diabetes properties.

6-Shogaol has anti-cancer, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory effects, it can inhibit the growth of human pancreatic tumors and sensitize them to gemcitabine by suppressing of TLR4/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways linked to tumorigenesis. 6-Shogaol induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in relation to caspase activation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, affects the ER stress signaling by regulating unfolded protein response (UPR) sensor PERK and its downstream target eIF2α.