Polygodial is an aldehyde.

N-Acetylneuraminic acid is a nine-carbon, sialic acid monosaccharide commonly found in glycoproteins on cell membranes and in glycolipids such as gangliosides in mammalian cells.Synthesis of pyrrolidine analogues of N‐acetylneuraminic acid could as potential sialidase inhibitors. N-Acetylneuraminic acid-containing substances has growth-promoting effects on bifidobacteria, a number of N-acetylneuraminic acid-based compounds as potential rotavirus inhibitors. N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acid is N-Acetylneuraminic acid with beta configuration at the anomeric centre. It has a role as an epitope. It is functionally related to a beta-neuraminic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate.

Isoalantolactone, an apoptosis inducer, possesses multiple biological activities including antifungal, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitrypanosomal activities and antiproliferative effects on several cancer cell lines, such as colon, melanoma, ovary, prostate, lung, and leukemia. Isoalantolactone induces apoptosis, may be mediated through caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways, S phase arrest, inhibition of phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt, and downregulation of Bcr/Abl. Isoalantolactone is a sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. It has been isolated from Inula helenium. It has a role as an antifungal agent, an apoptosis inducer and a plant metabolite. It is a sesquiterpene lactone and a eudesmane sesquiterpenoid.