Continentalic acid and kaurenoic acid are quality control markers in Aralia continentalis. Continentalic acid has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-bacterial activities, it shows moderate cytotoxicity against A-549 (lung), THP-1 (leukemia) and MCF-7 (breast) cell lines; it has minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of approximately 8-16 microg/mL against S. aureus, including the MSSA and MRSA standard strains.

Demethylzeylasteral exhibits strong inhibition towards UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A6 and 2B7, and the inhibition kinetic parameters (Ki) are calculated to be 0.6 uM and 17.3 uM for UGT1A6 and UGT2B7, respectively. Demethylzeylasteral has antimicrobial, strong immunosuppressive, and antifertility activities; it concentration-dependently and in a partially reversible manner can inhibit the Ca(2+) current in spermatogenic cells with an IC(50) of 8.8 microg/ml, and it also can inhibit significantly the sperm acrosome reaction initiated by progesterone. Demethylzeylasteral is a carbopolycyclic compound with formula C29H36O6, originally isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii. It has a role as an EC 2.4.1.17 (glucuronosyltransferase) inhibitor, an immunosuppressive agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, a nephroprotective agent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of benzenediols, an arenecarbaldehyde, a carbopolycyclic compound, an oxo monocarboxylic acid, a cyclic ketone and an enone.

Ginsenoside Rk3 is often used as a major ingredient of the compound preparation for ischemic heart diseases, it could have a role in treating inflammatory diseases. Ginsenoside Rk3 significantly inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity, with an IC50 of 14.24±1.30 μM in HepG2 cells.

Hederacoside C is one of the active ingredients in Hedera helix leaf extract (Ivy Ex.) and AG NPP709, a new botanical drug to treat acute respiratory infection and chronic inflammatory bronchitis. Hederacoside C has antispasmodic activity. Hederacoside C is a potent competitive inhibitor for serine protease porcine pancreatic elastase, shows comparable IC 50 value is 40.6 uM; it also non-competitively inhibits hyaluronidase activity in a dose- dependent fashion, shows comparable IC 50 value is 280.4 uM. Kalopanaxsaponin B is a triterpenoid saponin with hederagenin as the aglycone part. It has been isolated from the stem bark of Kalopanax pictus. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory agent and a plant metabolite. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a carboxylic ester and a triterpenoid saponin. It is functionally related to a hederagenin.

Triptolide has immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities, it induces apoptosis in tumor cells by blocking NF-KB activation and sensitizing tumor cells for TNF-a induced programmed cell death, it inhibits TGF-β1-induced cell proliferation and migration of rat airway smooth muscle cells, by suppressing Smad signaling and NF-κB ,respectively. Triptolide is an inhibitor of heat shock factor (HSF1), inhibits HSP90-CDC37 binding and induces acetylation of HSP90, and also inhibits MDM2 expression in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values range from 47 to 73 nM. Triptolide is a diterpenoid, an epoxide, an organic heteroheptacyclic compound and a gamma-lactam. It has a role as an antispermatogenic agent and a plant metabolite.

1-O-Acetylbritannilactone has anticancer activity, it suppresses angiogenesis and lung cancer cell growth possibly via regulating the VEGFR-Src-FAK signaling, it also can combine with gemcitabine elicits a potent apoptosis of lung cancer cell. 1-O-Acetylbritannilactone may serve as a novel therapeutic intervention for various cardiovascular diseases, including chronic ischemia, by regulating VEGF signaling and modulating angiogenesis; it is a potent inhibitor of LPS-stimulated VSMC inflammatory responses through blockade of NF-kappaB activity and inhibition of inflammatory gene COX-2 expression. 1-O-Acetylbritannilactone may act as potent natural skin-lightening agents, it exhibits anti-melanogenic activity by suppression of tyrosinase expression via ERK and Akt signaling.

Eriocalyxin B induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells through caspase- and p53-dependent pathways, should be considered a candidate for pancreatic cancer treatment; it is a specific inhibitor of STAT3, it directly targets STAT3 through a covalent linkage to inhibit the phosphorylation and activation of STAT3 and induces apoptosis of STAT3-dependent tumor cells. Eriocalyxin B exerts potent antiinflammatory effects through selective modulation of pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells by targeting critical signaling pathways. Eriocalyxin B reversibly interfer with the binding of p65 and p50 subunits to the DNA in a noncompetitive manner.

Protosappanin A has anti-oxidative/nitrative activities on brain immune and neuroinflammation through regulation of CD14/TLR4-dependent IKK/IκB/NF-κB inflammation signal pathway; it exerts anti-neuroinflammatory effect by inhibiting JAK2-STAT3 pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglia. Protosappanin A induces immunosuppression of rats heart transplantation targeting T cells in grafts via NF-kappaB pathway. Protosappanin A and protosappanin B have antimicrobial activity, they show both alone activities and resistance reversal effects of amikacin and gentamicin against MRSA. Protosappanin A shows strong effect against HIV-1 IN with an IC50 value of 12.6 uM. Protosappanin A is a member of catechols. It has a role as a metabolite.

Combretastatin A4 is a stilbenoid.

Phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate is a phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. Phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate is an activator of protein kinase C (PKC) and SphK. Phorbol 12 myristate 13 acetate is an NF - κ B activator. Phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate can induce differentiation of THP-1 cells (which has been validated by MCE professional biological experiments).

Wogonin is a dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an angiogenesis inhibitor, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a monomethoxyflavone and a dihydroxyflavone. It is a conjugate acid of a wogonin(1-). Wogonin is an inhibitor of CDK9, which has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities, it could be developed into an efficient natural sensitizer for resistant human myelogenous leukemia. It has a wide spectrum of targets including PGE2, NO, Nrf2, Src, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, NFκB,MLCK, MLC.

Hyperforin is a cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum. It has a role as an antibacterial agent, an antidepressant, an antineoplastic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inducer, a plant metabolite and a GABA reuptake inhibitor. It is a cyclic terpene ketone, a carbobicyclic compound and a sesquarterpenoid. Hyperforin acts as an angiogenesis inhibitor, it as a possible antidepressant component of hypericum extracts. Hyperforin acts as a dual inhibitor of 5-LO and COX-1 in intact cells as well as on the catalytic activity of the crude enzymes, suggesting therapeutic potential in inflammatory and allergic diseases connected to eicosanoids.

Abietic acid, an abietane diterpenoid, inhibited soybean 5-lipoxygenase with an IC50 of 29.5 ± 1.29 μM.Abietic acid acts as a PPARα/γ dual activator to inhibit UVB-induced MMP-1 expression and age-related inflammation by suppressing NF-κB and the MAPK/AP-1 pathway and can be a useful agent for improving skin photoageing. Abietic acid can be used not only for anti-inflammation but also for regulating lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. Abietic acid is an abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a monocarboxylic acid and an abietane diterpenoid. It is a conjugate acid of an abietate.

The cardiac glycosides digitoxin and digoxin have been used in cardiac diseases for many years, digitoxin also has growth inhibition activity in three human cancer cell line, digitoxin activates pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative signaling cascades and cell cycle arrest. Digitoxin could as a candidate drug for suppressing IL-8-dependent lung inflammation in cystic fibrosis (CF), it can suppress hypersecretion of IL-8 from cultured cystic fibrosis (CF) lung epithelial cells, the specific mechanism is to block phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-kappa.Digitoxin actively inhibits Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication with a 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) of 0.05 microM, the inhibitory effects of digitoxin are likely to be introduced at the early stage of HSV-1 replication and the virus release stage. Digitoxin is a cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(14)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(14)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain. It has a role as an EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor. It is functionally related to a digitoxigenin. It is a conjugate acid of a digitoxin(1-).

Hypocrellin B is a naphthalenone.

Handelin has anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine productions.

Isobergapten is a plant growth regulating substance, it is the principal constituents responsible for the antimycobacterial activity of the roots of Heracleum maximum; it may form an important class of natural defensive agents against fungi.Isobergapten shows anti-proliferative activity and causes G2/M arrest at concentrations of 0.05-15.0 μM.