Cytisine is an organic heterotricyclic compound that is the toxic principle in Laburnum seeds and is found in many members of the Fabaceae (legume, pea or bean) family. An acetylcholine agonist, it is widely used throughout Eastern Europe as an aid to giving up smoking. It has a role as a phytotoxin, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist and a plant metabolite. It is an alkaloid, a lactam, an organic heterotricyclic compound, a bridged compound and a secondary amino compound. Cytisine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, has been widely used for central nervous system (CNS) diseases treatment. It is a partial agonist at alpha4/beta2 nAChRs, and a full agonist at alpha3/beta4 and alpha7 nAChRs, has antidepressant-like properties in several rodent models of antidepressant efficacy.

Dehydroevodiamine hydrochloride has novel anti-cholinesterase and antiamnesic activities, it inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity in a dose-dependent and non-competitive manner(IC50=37.8 microM); its potent antiamnesic effect is thought to be due to the combined effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibition and the known cerebral blood flow enhancement. Dehydroevodiamine hydrochloride (0.1-0.3 mg/kg iv) can increase the cerebral blood flow recorded from the surface of the supra-sylvian gyrus in anesthetized cats, suggest that it selectively increases cerebral blood flow.

(-)-Guaiol is a biocatalyst. Guaiol has insecticidal activity.

Plantainoside D shows potent antioxidative effects as those of ascorbic acid, it shows angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory inhibitory activity in vitro with the IC(50) value of 2.17 mM, it also shows inhibitory activity against PKCalpha with the IC50 value (in microM) of 14.8. Plantainoside D protects adriamycin-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiac muscle cells via the inhibition of ROS generation and NF-kappaB activation.

Gelsemine is a highly toxic compound and may be a glycine receptor agonist. Gelsemine has antitumor, anti-hyperlipidemic,anti-oxidative activities,it also has marked antinociception in inflammatory, neuropathic and bone cancer pains without inducing antinociceptive tolerance.

Plantamajoside has antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-skin photoaging effects, it has protective activities against Cadmium-induced renal injury. Plantamajoside ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via suppressing NF-κB and MAPK activation, it can inhibit UVB and advanced glycation end products‐induced MMP-1 Expression by suppressing the MAPK and NF‐ĸB pathways in HaCaT cells, and attenuate the upregulation of receptor for AGEs (RAGE) by glycer-AGEs with UVB irradiation.

Kawain is an aromatic ether and a member of 2-pyranones.

Arecaidine is a citraconoyl group.

D-calycanthine has antifungal activity, it shows significant inhibitory activities against five plant pathogenic fungi Exserohilum turcicum, Bipolaris maydis, Alternaria solani, Sclerotinia sderotiorum, and Fusarium oxysportium. Calycanthine is the principal alkaloid of the plant family Calycanthaceae. It is an aminal, an organonitrogen heterocyclic compound and a calycanthaceous alkaloid. It derives from a hydride of a calycanine.

Hastatoside is an iridoid monoterpenoid with formula C17H24O11 that is isolated from several plants including Verbena officinalis and exhibits a sleep-promoting effect. It has a role as a hepatoprotective agent and a plant metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a methyl ester, a cyclopentapyran, an iridoid monoterpenoid, an alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester, a monosaccharide derivative and a monoterpene glycoside. Hastatoside and verbenalin are major sleep-promoting components of V. officinalis. Hastatoside has anti-inflammatory activity.

Incensole has a protective or stimulating effect on β-cells of the rat pancreas, it also can increase the insulin secretion, which evidenced by a significant increase both in body weight and in liver glycogen.

Alisol G has hCE2 inhibitory effects.

Alisol C can improve glucose uptake in Hep G2 cells, it may be one of the therapeutic material basis in hypoglycemic activities in A. orientalis. Alisol C,16,23-oxido-alisol B and alisol O in Zexie may cause nephrotoxicity.

Pregnenolone is a 20-oxo steroid that is pregn-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 20. It has a role as a mouse metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid, a 20-oxo steroid and a C21-steroid. It derives from a hydride of a pregnane. Pregnenolone is an endogenous steroid hormone for inhibition of M1 receptor and M3 receptor-mediated currents with IC50 of 11.4 μM and 6.0 μM, respectively. Pregnenolone has memory-enhancing effects, used in the treatment of fatigue, Alzheimer’s disease, trauma and injuries.

(±)-Borneol is a bornane monoterpenoid that is 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It has a role as a metabolite and a volatile oil component.(±)-Borneol is a bornane monoterpenoid that is 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It has a role as a metabolite and a volatile oil component. (±)-Borneol is a bicyclic monoterpene used for analgesia and anaesthesia in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine, it and its enantiomer (±)-Borneol have a highly efficacious positive modulating action at GABA(A) receptors at human recombinant alpha1beta2gamma2L GABA(A) receptors. Borneol specifically inhibits the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated effects in a noncompetitive way, can depress P-glycoprotein function by a NF-κB signaling mediated mechanism in a blood brain barrier in vitro model. Borneol has neuroprotection through the inhibition of IκBα-NF-κB and translocation signaling pathway, it also has an anti-cerebral ischemia effects. It can suppresse inflammatory responses in LPS-induced acute lung injury through inhibition of the NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways.

Valeranone shows antileishmanial and cytotoxic activity.

Sanggenone D represents a new scaffold of positive GABAA receptor modulators, it also inhibits COX-2 activity (IC 50 = 73-100 μM). Sanggenone D has anti-inflammatory activity, it can inhibit NO production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells at > 10 uM; inhibition of nitric oxide production was mediated by suppression of iNOS enzyme induction but not by direct inhibition of iNOS enzyme activity.