Piplartine is a member of cinnamamides and a dicarboximide.

Peiminine has potent anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antitussive, and expectorant effects. It induces autophagic cell death thus represses colorectal carcinoma tumor growth. Peiminine can inhibit lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis in a rat model of bleomycin-induced lung injury, by reducing circulating IFN-γ levels and inhibiting signal transduction pathways involving TGF-β, CTGF, ERK1/2, NF-κB and FasL.

Sesamol is regarded as a major antioxidant component in the oil with chemoprevention, radioprotective efficacy, anti-antiinflammary, antimutagenic, and antihepatotoxic activities. Sesamol inhibits melanin biosynthesis by down-regulating tyrosinase activity and melanin production via regulation of gene expression of melanogenesis-related proteins through modulation of MITF activity, which promotes phosphorylation of p38 and JNK in melan-a cells.

Gomisin E is a natural product from Schizandra chinensis.

Cinobufagin, a kind of Chinese materia medica with antitumor effect, is widely used in clinical practice, especially in anti-liver cancer, it also has anti-hepatitis B virus activity . Cinobufagin inhibits the proliferation and induces apoptosis, may be related to the mitochondria-mediated pathway and GSK-3β/NF-κB pathway. Cinobufagin can significantly relieve cancer pain in mice and raised their pain threshold, mainly upregulating the expression levels of β -END and μ -OR in the hind paw tumor and adjacent tissue.Cinobufagin and bufalin exhibit cardiotonic and natriuretic activities, they also have inhibitory effects on steroidogenesis of aldosterone and cortisol. Cinobufagin is a steroid lactone. It is functionally related to a bufanolide.

Xanthatin is a novel potent inhibitor of VEGFR2 signaling, has significant antitumor activity against a variety of cancer cells through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction, it can inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth in breast cancer cells. Xanthatin has bactericidal and fungicidal activity, including against Colletotrichum gloesporoides, Trichothecium roseum, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus.

Corilagin has antitumour, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifibrotics, antiviral, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antiatherogenic, and antihypertensive activities. Corilagin reduces the cytotoxicity induced by EV71 or CA16 on Vero cells with and IC50 value of 5.6 and 32.33 μg/mL, respectively; it shows the potential to protect against HSV-1-induced encephalitis, and the beneficial effects may be mediated by inhibiting TLR2 signaling pathways. Corilagin attenuates bleomycin-induced epithelial injury and fibrosis via inactivation of oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokine release and NF-κB and TGF-β1 signaling; it suppresses the activity of beta-lactamase to some extent. Corilagin is an ellagitannin with a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group bridging over the 3-O and 6-O of the glucose core. It has a role as an antioxidant, an EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and an antihypertensive agent. It is an ellagitannin and a gallate ester.

Ginsenoside F2, an autophagic initiater, which has anti-cancer, and anti-obesity activities. Ginsenoside F2 inhibited the growth and invasion of cancer, and activated the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and mitochondrial dysfunction. Ginsenoside F2 suppresses hair cell apoptosis and premature entry to catagen more effectively than finasteride, it decreases the expression of TGF-β2 and SCAP proteins, the factors in the SCAP pathway could be targets for hair loss prevention drugs. Ginsenoside F2 is a ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosides, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an apoptosis inducer and a plant metabolite.

Toosendanin (TSN) was used as a digestive tract-parasiticide and agricultural insecticide in ancient China;TSN is a selective presynaptic blocker, a L-type Ca 2+ channel agonist and an effective antibotulismic agent, by interfering with neurotransmitter release through an initial facilitation followed by a subsequent depression. TSN has effects on the growth, cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis and the involved signaling pathway in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells.

Dehydrocostus lactone (DHE), a natural sesquiterpene lactone, inhibits IKKβ, Wnt/β-catenin activity, IκBα phosphorylation and degradation, coactivators p300 recruitments and p50/p65 NF-κB nuclear translocation, and their DNA binding activity on COX-2 promoter. DHE has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, immunomodulatory and anti-tumor properties, it can against osteoblast damage induced by AMA and cervical cancer. DHE exhibits strong larvicidal activity against A. albopictus with LC(50) values of 2.34 ug/ml. Dehydrocostus lactone is an organic heterotricyclic compound and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that is acrylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4-hydroxy-3,8-bis(methylene)decahydoazulen-5-yl group and in which the hydroxy group and the carboxy group have undergone formal condensation to afford the corresponding gamma-lactone.

Betulinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-carboxy substituents. It is found in the bark and other plant parts of several species of plants including Syzygium claviflorum. It exhibits anti-HIV, antimalarial, antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory properties. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an antimalarial, an EC 5.99.1. Betulinic acid is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, acts as a eukaryotic topoisomerase I inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 μM, and possesses anti-HIV, anti-malarial, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties.Betulinic acid is a selective inducer of apoptosis in tumor cells, it inhibits activation of NF-kappaB and NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression induced by carcinogens and inflammatory stimuli.

Vanillin is a single molecule extracted from vanilla beans and also a popular odor used widely in perfume, food and medicine.Vanillin can reversibly and non-competitively inhibit the cellulase activity at appropriate concentrations and the value of IC50 was estimated to be 30 g/L.Vanillin protects KSC from UVB irradiation and its effects may occur through the suppression of downstream step of MDM2 in UVB irradiation-induced p53 activation. Vanillin also inhibits yeast growth and fermentation. Vanillin is a member of the class of benzaldehydes carrying methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively. It has a role as an antioxidant, a flavouring agent, an anticonvulsant, an anti-inflammatory agent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of benzaldehydes, a monomethoxybenzene and a member of phenols.