Ginsenoside Rd, a minor ginseng saponin, has several pharmacological activities such as immunosuppressive activity, anti-inflammatory activity, immunological adjuvant, anti-cancer activity and wound-healing activity. Rd inhibits TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity with an IC50 of 12.05±0.82 μM in HepG2 cells. Rd inhibits expression of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA. Rd also inhibits Ca2+ influx. Rd inhibits CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9, with IC50s of 58.0±4.5 μM, 78.4±5.3 μM, 81.7±2.6 μM, and 85.1±9.1 μM, respectively. Ginsenoside Rd is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory drug, an immunosuppressive agent, a neuroprotective agent, an apoptosis inducer, a vulnerary and a plant metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid and a ginsenoside. It is functionally related to a (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3.

N-Nornuciferine can competitively inhibit CYP2D6 activity with Ki values of 2.34 uM.

Rhodiosin exhibits potent, dose-dependent inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), it also can inhibit cytochrome P450 2D6 non-competitively with the IC50 value of 0.761 microM. Rhodiosin has hepatoprotective effects, it shows a protective effect on D-galactosamine-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes. Rhodiosin shows noncompetitive inhibition against Flavobacterium prolyl endopeptidase, with an IC50 of 41 microM, the enzyme that plays a role in the metabolism of proline-containing neuropeptidase which is recognized to be involved in learning and memory. Rhodiosin exhibits antioxidant activity, it could used as the treatment of lifestyle-related diseases such as hyperlipidemia and exogeneous obesity and as health foods.

Thalifendine is a metabolite of Berberine, with antiplasmodial and antiamoebic activities. Thalifendine shows activities against P. falciparum and E. histolytica with IC50s of 7.91 μM and 116 μM, respectively. Thalifendine inhibited cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6.

(R)-peucedanol has radical scavenging on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and for inhibition of oxidation of liposome induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, it may have antioxidant activity.

Rhodionin and rhodionin can inhibit cytochrome P450 2D6 non-competitively with high specificity which could have implications for interactions with co-administered drugs; they can significantly suppress the elevation of the postprandial blood triglyceride level, suggests that they may be to the treatment of lifestyle-related diseases such as hyperlipidemia and exogeneous obesity and to health foods. Rhodionin has antioxidant activity, it exhibits potent 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities, with IC50 values of 19.49 ± 0.21 uM.

Limonin is a widely used dietary supplement, one of the most prevalent citrus limonoids, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)activity. It induced a down regulation of TLR-2 ,TLR-4,TNF-α, TNF-α/IL-10,NF-κB and caspase. It showed the potent inhibition of CYP3A4, with IC50 values of 6.20 μM (CYP3A4/testosterone) and 19.10 μM (CYP3A4/midazolam). Limonin is a member of furans, a lactone, an epoxide, a limonoid, an organic heterohexacyclic compound and a hexacyclic triterpenoid. It has a role as a metabolite, a volatile oil component and an inhibitor.

Ranaconitine has cardiotoxicity.

Hydroquinidine can prevents life-threatening arrhythmic events in patients with short QT syndrome.

Isoasatone A is a natural product from Heterotropa takaoi M.