Swertianolin is a xanthone that is bellidifolin in which a beta-Dglucopyranosyl residue is attached at position O-8 via a glycosidic linkage. It is isolated particularly from Gentiana campestris and Gentiana germanica. It has a role as an antioxidant, an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside, an aromatic ether, a monosaccharide derivative and a xanthone glycoside. It is functionally related to a bellidifolin. Swertianolin shows anti-acetylcholinesterase activity effects, it shows significant hepatoprotective effect in the liver damage model induced by alpha-naphthylisot hiocyanate. Swertianolin can scavenge superoxide and hydroxyl radicals with the studying method of the autoxidation of Pyrogallol and afenton.

Physcion is a dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources. It has a role as a metabolite, an antibacterial agent, an antineoplastic agent, an antifungal agent, a hepatoprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and an apoptosis inducer. Physcion shows cytotoxic effect on human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells and its apoptosis induction in HeLa cells was investigated by the expressions of p53, p21, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-9, and caspase-3 proteins. Physcion controls powdery mildew mainly through changing the expression of defence-related genes, and especially enhancing expression of leaf-specific thionin in barley leaves.

3-fucosyllactose is a trisaccharide that is lactose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 of the glucosyl moiety has undergone formal condensation with the anomeric hydroxy group of fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose) to give the corresponding glycoside. Found in human milk. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is functionally related to a lactose.

Schaftoside is a C-glycosyl compound that is apigenin substituted by beta-D-glucopyranosyl and an alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl moieties at positions 6 and 8 via C-glycosidic linkages. It has a role as an antioxidant and an antinematodal drug. It is a C-glycosyl compound and a trihydroxyflavone. It is functionally related to an apigenin. Schaftoside has antioxidant activity, it also can inhibit phospholipase, lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, three pro-inflammatory enzymes.

Lacto-N-triaose is an oligosaccharide.

Beta-D-Gal-(1->3)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-D-Glc is a tetrasaccharide comprising residues of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose and glucose in a linear sequence, all joined by beta-linkages. It is a glucosamine oligosaccharide and an amino tetrasaccharide.

Magnoflorine possesses high activity as α-glucosidase inhibitor in vitro and in vivo, has antidiabetic potential activity; it also has sedative and anxiolytic effects, probably mediated by a GABAergic mechanism of action. Magnoflorine has protective effects, mediated by some mechanism other than prevention of micelle formation or protection of the erythrocyte membrane against osmotic imbalance. (S)-magnoflorine is an aporphine alkaloid that is (S)-corytuberine in which the nitrogen has been quaternised by an additional methyl group. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is an aporphine alkaloid and a quaternary ammonium ion. It is functionally related to a (S)-corytuberine.

Pellitorine is a potential larvicide with a specific target site and a lead molecule for the control of mosquito populations, it also shows antiprotozoal activity against Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 = 3.3 ug/mL). Pellitorine shows potent antiplatelet aggregation activity, it can suppress expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. Pellitorine also shows strong cytotoxic activities against HL60 and MCT-7 cell lines. Pellitorine is a fatty amide. It has a role as a metabolite.

14-Deoxyandrographolide has hepatoprotective activity, mediates activation of adenylate cyclase-cAMP signaling leading to up-regulation of cNOS, may provide a promising approach in the prevention of liver diseases during chronic alcoholism. It desensitizes hepatocytes to TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis through the release of TNFRSF1A.

Mulberrin is a strong inhibitor of organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1)-mediated estrone-3-sulfate (E3S) uptake with an IC50 value being 1.8 ±1.5 μM; it also as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Mulberrin has significantly reduced role on blood sugar of type II diabetes model of rats.

Dulcoside A is a sweetener and has antioxidant activity.

2-{[(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-hydroxyprop-2-en-1-ylidene]amino}-5-hydroxybenzoic acid is an alkaloid and a member of benzamides.

Steviol is an ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is 5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid in which the hydrogen at position 13 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent. It is a tertiary allylic alcohol, a monocarboxylic acid, a bridged compound, an ent-kaurane diterpenoid and a tetracyclic diterpenoid. It is a conjugate acid of a steviol(1-). Steviol, a natural sweetener, it inhibits proliferation of the gastrointestinal cancer cells intensively. Steviol can treat polycystic kidney disease, it slowed cyst growth, in part, by reducing AQP2 transcription, promoted proteasome, and lysosome-mediated AQP2 degradation. Steviol can induce a significant increase in CYP3A29 expression.

Patchouli alcohol has anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, gastroprotective, immunomodulatory, and antibacterial effects, which may be mediated, at least in part, by down-regulation of the mRNA expression of a panel of inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2. Patchouli alcohol significantly accelerates the recovery of the UV-induced skin lesions, evidently through anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory action, as well as down-regulation of the MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression. Patchouli alcohol is a carbotricyclic compound and sesquiterpenoid tertiary alcohol that is tricyclo[5.3.1.03,8]undecan-3-ol which is substituted at positions 2, 2, 6 and 8 by methyl groups (the 1R,3R,6S,7S,8S-diastereoisomer). It is a sesquiterpenoid, a tertiary alcohol and a carbotricyclic compound.

Glycyrrhizic acid has anti-tumor, antiviral ,antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory,anti-diabetic activities. It is a direct HMGB1(high mobility group box 1) inhibitor that inhibits HMGB1-dependent inflammatory molecule expression and oxidative stress; modulates P38 and P-JNK but not p-ERK signalling; Also inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase (MAO). Glycyrrhizinic acid is a triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid. It has a role as an EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a glucosiduronic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a tricarboxylic acid, an enone and a triterpenoid saponin. It is a conjugate acid of a glycyrrhizinate(3-).

Tussilagone has anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Tussilagone inhibits dendritic cell function through the induction of heme oxygenase-1; it has potential treatment of neuro-inflammatory diseases through the inhibition of overproduction of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E(2).