4-Hydroxyisoleucine is an isoleucine derivative. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine has antidepressant-like, antidyslipidemic, and antihyperglycemic effects. It acts to improve insulin resistance by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis in high fructose diet fed STZ induced diabetic rats, it also has beneficial effects on low-grade inflammation. 4-Hydroxyisoleucineis an orally active amino acid that can be isolated from fenugreek seeds. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine has insulin promoting and anti diabetes properties.

3-fucosyllactose is a trisaccharide that is lactose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 of the glucosyl moiety has undergone formal condensation with the anomeric hydroxy group of fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose) to give the corresponding glycoside. Found in human milk. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is functionally related to a lactose.

Beta-D-Gal-(1->3)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-D-Glc is a tetrasaccharide comprising residues of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose and glucose in a linear sequence, all joined by beta-linkages. It is a glucosamine oligosaccharide and an amino tetrasaccharide.

2-methylvaleric acid is a methyl-branched fatty acid that is pentanoic acid which carries a methyl group at position 2. It has a role as a flavouring agent, a fragrance and a plant metabolite. It is a monocarboxylic acid, a short-chain fatty acid, a branched-chain saturated fatty acid and a methyl-branched fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a 2-methylvalerate.

Capsaicin, the main pungent ingredient in 'hot' chilli peppers, is a TRPV1 agonist with EC50 of 0.29±0.05 μM in HEK293 cells, which elicits a sensation of burning pain by selectively activating sensory neurons that convey information about noxious stimuli to the central nervous system, it may used as a pain therapy by the long-lasting and inhibitory effects on persistent pain. Capsaicin has antioxidant activity , it is more effective than melatonin in suppressing the formation of lipid hydroperoxides, it also reduces anxiety-like behaviours in rats and may be an admissible drug candidate for treating endometriosis. Capsaicin is a capsaicinoid. It has a role as a TRPV1 agonist, a non-narcotic analgesic and a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker.

Maltotriose is a maltotriose trisaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the aldehydo open-chain form.

Tiglic acid is a 2-methylbut-2-enoic acid having its double bond in trans-configuration. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to a crotonic acid.

Fructooligosaccharide is carbohydrate-based polymers derived from natural sources that can be utilized by certain gastrointestinal tract bacteria but not by the host animal.

Manninotriose is a novel and important player in the RFO(Raffinose family oligosaccharides) metabolism of red dead deadnettle; potential to improve the side effects of MTX for ALL treatment.

Hesperetin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside is a flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside having hesperetin as the flavanone component. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside, a member of 4'-methoxyflavanones, a monomethoxyflavanone, a dihydroxyflavanone, a member of 3'-hydroxyflavanones and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a hesperetin. Hesperetin 7-O-glucoside and prunin are direct precursors of naringin and neohesperidin, respectively, in C. aurantium. Hesperetin 7-O-glucoside shows inhibition of human HMG-CoA reductase, it also exhibits effective inhibition of the growth of Helicobacter pylori. Hesperetin 7-O-glucoside can reduce blood pressure in healthy volunteers.