8-O-Acetylharpagide is a glycoside and an iridoid monoterpenoid.

Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, blood-sugar-lowering, antiaging, and anti-cancer properties. It has a wide spectrum of targets including cyclooxygenases(i.e. COX, IC50=1.1 μM), lipooxygenases（LOX, IC50=2.7 μM, kinases, sirtuins, c-IAP1, c-IAP2, livin and XIAP. Resveratrol regulates gene transcription via activation of the stimulus-regulated protein kinases Raf and ERK and the stimulus-responsive transcription factors TCF and Egr-1.

Magnoflorine possesses high activity as α-glucosidase inhibitor in vitro and in vivo, has antidiabetic potential activity; it also has sedative and anxiolytic effects, probably mediated by a GABAergic mechanism of action. Magnoflorine has protective effects, mediated by some mechanism other than prevention of micelle formation or protection of the erythrocyte membrane against osmotic imbalance. (S)-magnoflorine is an aporphine alkaloid that is (S)-corytuberine in which the nitrogen has been quaternised by an additional methyl group. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is an aporphine alkaloid and a quaternary ammonium ion. It is functionally related to a (S)-corytuberine.

Ginsenoside Rg3 is the main component of Red ginseng, it inhibits Na+ and hKv1.4 channel with IC50s of 32.2±4.5 and 32.6±2.2 μM, respectively, it also inhibits Aβ levels, NF-κB activity, and COX-2 expression. Ginsenoside-Rg3 possesses an ability to inhibit the lung metastasis of tumor cells, and the mechanism of its antimetastatic effect is related to inhibition of the adhesion and invasion of tumor cells, and also to anti-angiogenesis activity. It is a novel drug, capable of inhibiting the early of scarring (HS) and later HS. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.

Goitrin is a potent antithyroid compound, it is a moderate inhibitor of purified bovine adrenal dopamine beta-hydroxylase,leads to a depression of brain norepinephrine and to an elevation of heart and adrenal dopamine. Goitrin is responsible for the induction of glutathione S-transferases. 5-ethenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione is a member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidine substituted by sulfanylidene and ethenyl groups at positions 2 and 5, respectively. It is a member of oxazolidines and an olefinic compound.

Ginsenoside Rh1 has anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and anti-tumor activities, it may improve glucocorticoid efficacy in hormone-dependent diseases. It inhibits MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways and downstream transcription factors such as NF-κB and AP-1, which play an important role in MMP gene expressions; it also inhibits IFN-gamma-induced JAK/STAT and ERK signaling pathways and downstream transcription factors, and thereby iNOS gene expression. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh1 is a tetracyclic triterpenoid that is (20S)-protopanaxadiol which is substituted by beta-D-glucoside at the 6alpha position. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid, a beta-D-glucoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid, a 3beta-hydroxy steroid, a 12beta-hydroxy steroid and a ginsenoside. It derives from a hydride of a dammarane.

20(R)-Ginsenoside Rg3 is a ginsenoside found in Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-R positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as an antioxidant and a plant metabolite. It is a glycoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid and a ginsenoside.

Jionoside B1 has immunosuppressive activity, it shows the hepato-protective activity in the H2O2 induced liver injury experiments.Jionoside B1 exhibits the obvious inhibition against aldose reductase.

Ginkgoic acid is a hydroxybenzoic acid. It is functionally related to a salicylic acid.

Salicylic acid is a monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid with a hydroxy group at the ortho position. It is obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. It has a role as an antiinfective agent, an antifungal agent, a plant hormone, a keratolytic drug, an EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a salicylate. Salicylic acid , a phenolic phytohormone, can alleviate the damaging effects of the triple stress by improving the antioxidant system, although these effects differed depending on characteristic of the hull of the grain. Salicylic acid plays a key role in regulation of plant immune responses to different attackers.

Salidroside is a prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor, which has cardioprotective, antidiabetic,antidepressant, anxiolytic, anti-tumor, and antioxidant actions. Salidroside alleviates cachexia symptoms in mouse models of cancer cachexia via activating mTOR signalling. It alleviates the pulmonary symptoms of paraquat-induced acute lung injury, at least partially, by repressing inflammatory cell infiltration and the expression of TGF-β1 resulting in delayed lung fibrosis; and it has protective effect against hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes necrosis and apoptosis by increasing HIF-1α expression and subsequently up-regulating VEGF levels. It may be a potential therapeutic agent for treating or preventing neurodegenerative diseases implicated with oxidative stress.

Pterostilbene acts as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) agonist, it has been implicated in anticarcinogenesis, antioxidant, modulation of neurological disease, anti-inflammation, attenuation of vascular disease, and amelioration of diabetes. Pterostilbene downregulates inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 gene expression in macrophages by inhibiting the activation of NFkappaB by interfering with the activation of PI3K/Akt/IKK and MAPK. Pterostilbene may protect HUVECs against oxLDL-induced apoptosis by downregulating LOX-1-mediated activation through a pathway involving oxidative stress, p53, mitochondria, cytochrome c and caspase protease. Pterostilbene is a stilbenol that consists of trans-stilbene bearing a hydroxy group at position 4 as well as two methoxy substituents at positions 3' and 5'. It has a role as an antioxidant, a neurotransmitter, a hypoglycemic agent, an antineoplastic agent, a radical scavenger, a neuroprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inducer and a plant metabolite. It is a stilbenol, a diether and a member of methoxybenzenes. It derives from a hydride of a trans-stilbene.

Chikusetsusaponin IVa is a novel AMPK activator, can induce insulin secretion from βTC3 cells via GPR40 mediated calcium and PKC pathways, may be developed into a new potential for therapeutic agent used in T2DM patients.Chikusetsusaponin IVa exerts antithrombotic effects, including minor hemorrhagic events. Chikusetsusaponin-IVa is a triterpenoid saponin. It has a role as a metabolite.