Sennoside B is a member of the class of sennosides that is (9R,9'S)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-9,9'-bianthracene-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4', by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5', and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10'. It is an oxo dicarboxylic acid and a member of sennosides. Sennoside B, a major purgative component, has a potential utility in the treatment of proliferative diseases, through inhibiting PDGF-stimulated cell proliferation by binding to PDGF-BB and its receptor and by down-regulating the PDGFR-beta signaling pathway. It and sennoside A also possess significant gastroprotective activities .

Lacto-N-triaose is an oligosaccharide.

Beta-D-Gal-(1->3)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-D-Glc is a tetrasaccharide comprising residues of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose and glucose in a linear sequence, all joined by beta-linkages. It is a glucosamine oligosaccharide and an amino tetrasaccharide.

Tenacissosides B, C, I and marsdenoside K inhibit the proliferation of Raji, NB4 and K562 cells in vitro significantly, in a dose and time dependent manner.

Indirubin is a potent cyclin-dependent kinases and GSK-3β inhibitor with IC50 of about 5 μM and 0.6 μM. Indirubin has anticancer, anti-inflammatory,antiviral,anti-allergic contact dermatitis effects. Each indirubin derivative acts on the DNA binding of NF-Y and represses the MDR1 gene promoter with tumor cell-type specificity.Indirubin derivatives have a potential to be used as an adjunct to antiviral therapy for the treatment of severe human H5N1 disease.

N-Acetylneuraminic acid is a nine-carbon, sialic acid monosaccharide commonly found in glycoproteins on cell membranes and in glycolipids such as gangliosides in mammalian cells.Synthesis of pyrrolidine analogues of N‐acetylneuraminic acid could as potential sialidase inhibitors. N-Acetylneuraminic acid-containing substances has growth-promoting effects on bifidobacteria, a number of N-acetylneuraminic acid-based compounds as potential rotavirus inhibitors. N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acid is N-Acetylneuraminic acid with beta configuration at the anomeric centre. It has a role as an epitope. It is functionally related to a beta-neuraminic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate.

Crotonoside is one compound of an antitumor and immunity-regulating pharmaceutical composition of traditional Chinese medicine.

Indigo and indirubin are potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands present in human urine, the endogenous levels and potencies of indirubin and indigo are such that they activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) -mediated signaling mechanisms in vivo . Indigo participates in isolating oxygenase genes, indigo carmine angiography provides visual information on foot perfusion, using indigo dye and synergistic halide additives can inhibit mild steel corrosion in sulphuric acid.