Ginsenoside Rd, a minor ginseng saponin, has several pharmacological activities such as immunosuppressive activity, anti-inflammatory activity, immunological adjuvant, anti-cancer activity and wound-healing activity. Rd inhibits TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity with an IC50 of 12.05±0.82 μM in HepG2 cells. Rd inhibits expression of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA. Rd also inhibits Ca2+ influx. Rd inhibits CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9, with IC50s of 58.0±4.5 μM, 78.4±5.3 μM, 81.7±2.6 μM, and 85.1±9.1 μM, respectively. Ginsenoside Rd is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory drug, an immunosuppressive agent, a neuroprotective agent, an apoptosis inducer, a vulnerary and a plant metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid and a ginsenoside. It is functionally related to a (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3.

Aconine is a diterpene alkaloid with formula C25H41NO9 that is isolated from several Aconitum species. It has a role as a xenobiotic, a NF-kappaB inhibitor, a plant metabolite and a human urinary metabolite. It is a diterpene alkaloid, a tertiary alcohol, a secondary alcohol, a bridged compound, a pentol, an organic heteropolycyclic compound, a polyether and a tertiary amino compound. It derives from a hydride of an aconitane. Aconine can inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells by suppressing NF-κB and NFATc1 activation and DC-STAMP expression. Aconine can attenuate hepatic fat degeneration of rats with fatty liver induced by high-fat diet through decreasing TG,TC deposit in liver. Aconine inhibits NF - κ B activation induced by ligands of nuclear factor kappa B receptor activators.

Elemicin has anticancer, and antifungal activities, it exhibits anticholinergic-like effects in humans.

Dihydromethysticin non-competitively inhibits the specific binding of [3H]-batrachotoxinin-A 20-alpha-benzoate to receptor site 2 of voltage-gated Na+ channels.The induction of CYP3A23 by dihydromethysticin and desmethoxyyangonin involves transcription activation, probably through a pregnane X receptor (PXR).-independent or PXR-involved indirect mechanism. Dihydromethysticin is an aromatic ether and a member of 2-pyranones.

Rehmannioside A is an iridoid glucoside.

Linderane is a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP2C9.