1-Kestose shows significant anti-hydroxyl radical potential. 1-Kestose can promote intestinal Lactobacillus number, and influence the microorganisms as well as the intestinal and systemic immune responses. 1-kestose is a trisaccharide found in vegetables consisting of beta-D-fructofuranose having beta-D-fructofuranosyl and alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residues attached at the 1- and 2-positions respectively.

Maltohexaose is a maltohexaose hexasaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the aldehydo open-chain form. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite. Maltohexaose is a natural saccharide, and can be produced from amylose, amylopectin and whole starch.

Sodium aescinate has immunity enhancing,anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, may effectively control and improve wound healing in diabetic rats. It has obvious antiangiogenic effect, the initiation of angiogenesis and proliferation of endothelial cell are inhibited and the secretion of VEGF is also decreased. Sodium aescinate can protect the lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), which may be mediated by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, upregulating Bcl-2 gene protein expression, improving the ratio of Bcl-2/ Bax to inhibit lung apoptosis.;it also can protect against liver injury induced by methyl parathion.

L-fucitol is the L-enantiomer of fucitol. It is found in nutmeg. It has a role as an antibacterial agent and a plant metabolite. It is an enantiomer of a D-fucitol. L-Fucitol inhibited the galactitol-positive strains of Escherichia coli K12.

Sesamin has antifibrotic, cholesterol-lowering, anti-cancer, antioxidative, neuroprotective, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-inflammatory properties, it also might be beneficial in the prevention of hypertension and stroke. Sesamin attenuates intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in vitro in TNF-α-treated human aortic endothelial cells and in vivo in apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice.Sesamin also can protect β-cells from damage caused by AGEs through suppressing NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress. (+)-sesamin is a lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, a neuroprotective agent and a plant metabolite. It is a lignan, a member of benzodioxoles and a furofuran.

Fructooligosaccharide is carbohydrate-based polymers derived from natural sources that can be utilized by certain gastrointestinal tract bacteria but not by the host animal.

Maltopentaose is a maltopentaose pentasaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the aldehydo open-chain form.

Maltotetraose and stachyose are potent inhibitors of TNF-α-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression, maltotetraose may be beneficial in the suppression of early atherosclerosis development and could be developed as a dietary supplement for cardiovascular health. Maltotetraose is a maltotetraose tetrasaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the aldehydo open-chain form. It has a role as an antibacterial agent and an Escherichia coli metabolite.