Indirubin is a potent cyclin-dependent kinases and GSK-3β inhibitor with IC50 of about 5 μM and 0.6 μM. Indirubin has anticancer, anti-inflammatory,antiviral,anti-allergic contact dermatitis effects. Each indirubin derivative acts on the DNA binding of NF-Y and represses the MDR1 gene promoter with tumor cell-type specificity.Indirubin derivatives have a potential to be used as an adjunct to antiviral therapy for the treatment of severe human H5N1 disease.

Corynoxine is a natural autophagy enhancer, promotes the clearance of Alpha-synuclein via Akt/mTOR pathway, it can significantly inhibit the oxidative stress of PC12 cells. Corynoxine is a member of indolizines. It has a role as a metabolite.

Prosapogenin A has anti-obesity, and immunomodulating effects, it exhibits cytotoxic activity against the cancer cell line K562 in vitro.

Ingenol is a tetracyclic diterpenoid that is 1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a-octahydro-1H-2,8a-methanocyclopenta[a]cyclopropa[e][10]annulen-11-one substituted at positions 5, 5a and 6 by hydroxy groups, positions 1, 1, 7 and 9 by methyl groups, position 4 by a hydroxymethyl group and position 1 by an oxo group (the 1aR,2S,5R,5aR,6S,8aS,9R,10aR diastereomer). It is a cyclic terpene ketone and a tetracyclic diterpenoid. Ingenol derivatives inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines, formulating novel derivatives from Ingenol esters may be an innovative approach to develop new lead compounds to reactivate latent HIV. Ingenol mebutate is an effective treatment for actinic keratosis.