Ginkgolide J has neuroprotective activity, it can prevent A beta(1-42) induced inhibition of long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of mouse hippocampal slices, it is also capable of inhibiting cell death of rodent hippocampal neurons caused by A beta(1-42). Ginkgolide J can inhibit platelet aggregation induced by ADP or PAF.

Cistanoside A possesses protective activities on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in mice, which is involved with increasing free radicals clearing activities, alleviating lipid-overoxidation damage, and improving respiratory chain function in mitochondria.

Ginsenoside Re is a major ginsenoside in ginseng and belongs to 20(S)-protopanaxatriol group. It has diverse in vitro and in vivo effects, including anti-diabetic, vasorelaxant, antihyperlipidemic, anti-ischemic, angiogenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammation actions. It also exhibits potent neuroprotective effects against neuroinflammation in a murine model of ALS. Re increases HCAEC outward current via SKCa channel activation; it also increases the proliferation of CD4+ T cells with decreases cell death, and enhances viability of CD4+T cells through the regulation of IFN-γ-dependent autophagy activity. Ginsenoside Re is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.

Ginsenoside Rb1 is a protopanaxadiol that has diverse in vitro and in vivo effects, including neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative actions. Ginsenoside Rb1 can up-regulate the expression of GLUTs in adipose tissue, in addition to activate insulin signalling pathway, and may effectively ameliorate the progression of asthma through Relegating Th1/Th2. It inhibited Na+, K+-ATPase activity with an IC50 of 6.3±1.0 μM, activated Akt, phosphorylating GSK-3β and inhibited mPTP opening. Ginsenoside Rb1 is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is ginsenoside Rd in which the beta-D-glucopyranoside group at position 20 is replaced by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside group. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory drug, a radical scavenger, a neuroprotective agent, an apoptosis inhibitor, an anti-obesity agent and a plant metabolite. It is a glycoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid and a ginsenoside.

Ginsenoside Rd, a minor ginseng saponin, has several pharmacological activities such as immunosuppressive activity, anti-inflammatory activity, immunological adjuvant, anti-cancer activity and wound-healing activity. Rd inhibits TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity with an IC50 of 12.05±0.82 μM in HepG2 cells. Rd inhibits expression of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA. Rd also inhibits Ca2+ influx. Rd inhibits CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9, with IC50s of 58.0±4.5 μM, 78.4±5.3 μM, 81.7±2.6 μM, and 85.1±9.1 μM, respectively. Ginsenoside Rd is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory drug, an immunosuppressive agent, a neuroprotective agent, an apoptosis inducer, a vulnerary and a plant metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid and a ginsenoside. It is functionally related to a (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3.

Echinacoside is a natural polyphenolic compound, has various kinds of pharmacological activities, such as anti-senescence, anti-hypoxia, anti-cancer, anti-osteoporosis, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, nitric oxide radical-scavenging and vasodilative ones. Echinacoside can improve the hematopoietic function of bone marrow in 5-FU-induced myelosuppression mice, it induces apoptotic cancer cell death by inhibiting the nucleotide pool sanitizing enzyme MTH1. Echinacoside inhibits cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation caused by ensuing rotenone exposure via activating Trk-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in neuronal cells.

Isoginkgetin is a biflavonoid resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation between position 8 of one molecule of 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone and the 3' position of another. Found in the leaves of Ginkgo biloba, it is a potent inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, a plant metabolite and an EC 3.4.24.35 (gelatinase B) inhibitor. It is an aromatic ether and a biflavonoid. It is functionally related to a 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone. Isoginkgetin is a MMP-9 inhibitor, also a pre-mRNA splicing inhibitor with IC 50 of 30 uM. Isoginkgetin can up-regulate adiponectin secretion with potency comparable to that of rosiglitazone, a known modulator of adiponectin production. Isoginkgetin has anti-tumor activity, it can inhibit tumor cell invasion by regulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-dependent matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression.

Ginkgolide C is a potent inhibitor of collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation, it may increase intracellular cAMP and cGMP production and MMP-9 activity, inhibit intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and TXA(2) production. Ginkgolide C has anti-adipogenic and ameliorating Alzheimer disease effects; it also can increase△LVP significantly,enhances the myocardial systolic and diastolic function of rats,but has no significant effect on HR while it shows inotropic activity.

Homovanillic acid is a monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite. It has a role as a mouse metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a member of guaiacols and a monocarboxylic acid. It is functionally related to a (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a homovanillate. Homovanillic acid is used as a reagent to detect oxidative enzymes, and is associated with dopamine levels in the brain. Abnormalities in white matter were associated with low CSF Homovanillic acid.

Isoacteoside exhibits significant inhibition of advanced glycation end product formation with IC50 values of 4.6-25.7 μM; it has neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Isoacteoside can stimulate the increase of α7 and α3 proteins in the cultured cells, attenuate the decreased expression of α3 and α7 nAChR subunit proteins and cell viability on SH-SY5Y cells induced by Aβ; it can regulate caspase-1, mitogen-activated protein kinases (c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) and nuclear factor-kappa B pathways.

Geniposide exhibits anti-diabetic, antidepressant-like, antioxidative, anti-apoptotic, antiproliferative and neuroprotective activities. Geniposide is an agonist for GLP-1 receptor, it regulates expression of anti-oxidative proteins including HO-1 and Bcl-2 by activating the transcriptor of p90RSK via MAPK signaling pathway in PC12 cells. Geniposide may suppress TGF-β1-induced EMT in hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting the TGFβ/Smad and ERK-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways.

Hosenkoside G is a natural product from Impatiens balsamina L.

Kushenol A is a kind of Adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate(cAMP)phosphodiesterase inhibitiors, it shows selective alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Kushenol A and kushenol C exhibit inhibitory activity against Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2(SGLT2).

Ginkgolide B has potent neuroprotective, anti-arrhythmias, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, it might be a promising drug on inhibiting platelet function and reducing inflammation in atherosclerosis.Ginkgolide B retards the proliferation and development of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and blastocysts in vitro and causes developmental injury in vivo.