(+)-Borneol is a bicyclic monoterpene used for analgesia and anaesthesia in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine, it and its enantiomer (-)-borneol have a highly efficacious positive modulating action at GABA(A) receptors at human recombinant alpha1beta2gamma2L GABA(A) receptors. Borneol specifically inhibits the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated effects in a noncompetitive way, can depress P-glycoprotein function by a NF-κB signaling mediated mechanism in a blood brain barrier in vitro model. Borneol has neuroprotection through the inhibition of IκBα-NF-κB and translocation signaling pathway, it also has an anti-cerebral ischemia effects. It can suppresse inflammatory responses in LPS-induced acute lung injury through inhibition of the NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways. (+)-borneol is a borneol. It is an enantiomer of a (-)-borneol.

Piperine is a N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum. It has a role as a NF-kappaB inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a food component and a human blood serum metabolite. It is a tertiary carboxamide, a piperidine alkaloid, a member of benzodioxoles and a N-acylpiperidine. It is functionally related to an (E,E)-piperic acid. Piperine, an inhibitor of human P-glycoprotein and/or CYP3A4, which has antinociceptive, antiarthritic, antidepressant, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory , antitumor, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, chemo-protective, and anti-inflammatoryactivities. Administration of piperine appears to reverse preexisting high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance, probably by activation of adiponectin-AMPK signalling.

Quercetin 7,3',4'-trimethyl ether is a trimethoxyflavone that is the 7,3',4'-trimethyl ether derivative of quercetin. It has been isolated from Euodia confusa. It has a role as a metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a member of 3'-methoxyflavones, a trimethoxyflavone, a member of flavonols and a dihydroxyflavone. It is functionally related to a quercetin.

Isorhoifolin and vicenin II are main compounds of ethyl acetate fraction (EAcF) obtained from Erythrina velutina leaves, EAcF increases the cardiac contractile force by increasing the l-type calcium current and activating the adrenergic receptor pathway. Isorhoifolin has antioxidant effects. It displays an anti-leakage effect comparable to or greater than diosmin. Isorhoifolin in Pilea microphylla (PM1) may reverse the disturbed metabolic milieu in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice.

Anisodine is a traditional anticholinergics, it and anisodamine possess alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking properties, they are widely used in the People's Republic of China for the management of acute circulatory shock . Anisodine can protect optic nerve of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) through improving the visual function and blood supply of optic nerve. The combination of Anisodine and citicoline with standard steroid and mannitol therapy appears to be effective in the treatment of early optic nerve contusion.

Hydroxy-gamma-sanshool is a fatty amide.

Senegenin has anti-apoptotic,anti-oxidative,and neuroprotective activities, it might be a potential agent for prevention and treatment of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) or other neurodegenerative diseases. It also be a potential therapeutic agent against sepsis. Senegenin decreased the levels of TNF-α ,IL-1β, NF-κB.

Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B3 that plays essential roles in cell physiology through facilitating NAD+ redox homeostasis and providing NAD+ as a substrate to a class of enzymes that catalyze non-redox reactions. Nicotinamide is an inhibitor of SIRT1, it has insulinotropic action, it can induce differentiation and maturation of human fetal pancreatic islet cells. Nicotinamide may represent a safe treatment for Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies, and that phosphorylation of tau at Thr231 may regulate tau stability. N-ribosylnicotinamide is a pyridine nucleoside consisting of nicotinamide with a beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety at the 1-position. It has a role as a geroprotector, a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a N-glycosylnicotinamide and a pyridine nucleoside.