Marein shows neuroprotective effect on PC12 cell damage induced by methylglyoxal, which is due to a reduction of damage to mitochondria function and activation of the AMPK signal pathway, it may be a potent compound for preventing/counteracting diabetic encephalopathy. Marein can improve insulin resistance induced by high glucose in HepG2 cells through CaMKK/AMPK/GLUT1 to promote glucose uptake, through IRS/Akt/GSK-3β to increase glycogen synthesis, and through Akt/FoxO1 to decrease gluconeogenesis. Marein shows antioxidant activity, it shows Histone deacetylase enzymes (HDACs) inhibitory activity and it also can inhibit TNFα-induced NF-κB activation.

Ginkgolide J has neuroprotective activity, it can prevent A beta(1-42) induced inhibition of long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of mouse hippocampal slices, it is also capable of inhibiting cell death of rodent hippocampal neurons caused by A beta(1-42). Ginkgolide J can inhibit platelet aggregation induced by ADP or PAF.

Hydrastine is a natural product found in Hydrastis canadensis. It has a role as a metabolite.

Avenanthramide A is a hydroxycinnamic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an avenanthramide A(1-).

Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N1-glycosidic bond. It has a role as a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a human metabolite. It is functionally related to a cytosine. Cytidine is a nucleoside molecule that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring, cytidine is a component of RNA.Cytidine deaminases APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F interact with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase and inhibit proviral DNA formation.

Uridine has antidepressant-like effects, and it has protective effects against drug-induced fatty liver. Uridine can increase the rate of potassium transport in mitochondria isolated from liver of low resistant rats, and inhibitors of the channel prevent the channel activating effect of Uridine. Uridine has inhibition of p53-dependent intestinal apoptosis initiated by 5-fluorouracil. Uridine is a ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of uracil attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a betaN1-glycosidic bond. It has a role as a drug metabolite, a human metabolite and a fundamental metabolite. It is functionally related to a uracil.

Mogroside V is a widely used sweetener, has in vitro AMPK activating effect, it also has anti-inflammatory potential in murine macrophages and a murine ear edema model, and has the potential to protect against LPS-induced airway inflammation in a model of ALI. Mogroside V is a mogroside and a beta-D-glucoside. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to a Siamenoside I.

5,6-Dehydrokawain is an aromatic ether and a member of 2-pyranones.

Chasmanine is a diterpene alkaloid with formula C25H41NO6 that is isolated from several Aconitum species. It has a role as an antifeedant and a plant metabolite. It is a diol, a diterpene alkaloid, a tertiary alcohol, a secondary alcohol, a bridged compound, an organic heteropolycyclic compound, a polyether and a tertiary amino compound. It derives from a hydride of an aconitane. Chasmanine, hypaconitine, and deoxyaconitine are anti-inflammatory pharmacodynamic components in Heishunpian (HSP) with positive relations with HSP efficacy. Chasmanine has insecticidal activities against larvae of Bradysia odoriphaga Yan et Zhang.

Dihydrokavain is an aromatic ether and a member of 2-pyranones.

L-threonine is an optically active form of threonine having L-configuration. It has a role as a micronutrient, a nutraceutical, a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a plant metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a L-alpha-amino acid, an aspartate family amino acid, a threonine and a proteinogenic amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-threoninium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-threoninate. L-Threonine is a natural amino acid, can be produced by microbial fermentation, and is used in food, medicine, or feed.