Chebulinic acid is a potent natural inhibitor of M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase, also can inhibit SMAD-3 phosphorylation, inhibit H+ K+-ATPase activity; it also is a natural inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor-A mediated angiogenesis. Chebulinic acid has hypotensive, antioxidant, anti-HIV, and anti-ulcer activities. Chebulinic acid has inhibitory effect on erythroid differentiation likely through changing transcriptional activation of differentiation relative genes, it or other tannins might influence the efficiency of some anti-tumor drugs-induced differentiation or the hematopoiesis processes.

Hydrastine is a natural product found in Hydrastis canadensis. It has a role as a metabolite.

Epiberberine, a natural protoberberine alkaloid, is a potent inhibitor against both ureases with IC50 values of 3.0±0.01μM for HPU (ureases from Helicobacter pylori) and 2.3±0.01μM for JBU (ureases from jack bean); it also exhibits predominant cholinesterases (ChEs) inhibitory effects with IC(50) values ranging between 0.44-1.07 microM for AChE and 3.32-6.84 microM for BChE. Epiberberine has anti-adipogenic effect is mediated by downregulation of the Raf/MEK1/ERK1/2 and AMPKα/Akt pathways during 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. Epiberberine also ha anti-alzheimer and antioxidant activities.

Arjunetin, an insect feeding-deterrent and growth inhibitor, shows antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. It demonstrates significant inhibition of(Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV) DPP-IV enzyme, the DPP-IV Inhibitory activity translated into significant cardioprotective effects in the setting of diabetes.

Tetramethylkaempferol is a PPARγ agonist, it can improve insulin sensitivity by increasing the levels of adiponectin, an important adipocytokine associated with insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue. Tetramethylkaempferol can concentration-dependently enhance the accumulation of triglyceride, a marker of adipogenesis.

3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde is a dihydroxybenzaldehyde.

Esculin has neuroprotective, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic effects, it is a plant coumarin compound that occur naturally in dietary plants or when supplemented in the diet probably inhibit the survival of E. coli O157 in the gut. Esculin has protective effects on dopamine(DA)-induced cytotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Esculin has a protective effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice, it can inhibit the Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response gene-88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 in LPS-induced ALI. Esculin is a hydroxycoumarin that is the 6-O-beta-D-glucoside of esculetin. It has a role as an antioxidant and a metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside and a hydroxycoumarin. It is functionally related to an esculetin.

Jatrorrhizine has neuroprotective, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antihypercholesterolemic, and anti-hyperglycemia effects.Jatrorrhizine is expected to be developed as a new gastric prokinetic drug, it is metabolized by human CYP1A2 and multiple UGT1A isoforms. It has inhibitory activities against the expression of inducible NO syntase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and can improve the utilization and excretion of cholesterol by up-regulating the mRNA and protein expression of LDLR and CYP7A1.

Arbutin is a monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a hydroquinone. Arbutin is a tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.09 mM, which has gastroprotective, whitening, anti- age, anti-oxidant , anti-inflammatory, a depigmenting effects and UVB/ UVC filter. Arbutin has mutagenicity in mammalian cells after activation by human intestinal bacteria. Arbutin (β - Arbutin) is a widely present natural polyphenol with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. Arbutin is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase in melanocytes, with a Kiapp value of 1.42 mM for monophenolase and 0.9 mM for diphenolase. Arbutin is also used as a decolorizer.

Coptisine is an efficient uncompetitive IDO inhibitor with a Ki value of 5.8 μM and an IC50 value of 6.3 μM, it can consequently prevent neuron loss, reduce amyloid plaque formation, and ameliorate impaired cognition, it could as a potential new class of drugs for AD treatment. Coptisine has cardioprotection, anti- hypercholesterolemia, anti-fungal, anti-osteosarcoma, anti-hepatoma and anti-leukaemia activities, it also has antispasmodic and relaxant activity on a guinea-pig ileum. Coptisine is a natural product found in Coptis japonica. It has a role as a metabolite.

Demethyleneberberine, which is composed of a potential antioxidant structure, could penetrate the membrane of mitochondria and accumulate in mitochondria either in vitro or in vivo.Demethyleneberberine suppresses CYP2E1, hypoxia inducible factor α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, which contributes to oxidative stress and restored sirtuin 1/AMP-activated protein kinase/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α pathway-associated fatty acid oxidation in chronic ethanol-fed mice.

Ginsenoside F2, an autophagic initiater, which has anti-cancer, and anti-obesity activities. Ginsenoside F2 inhibited the growth and invasion of cancer, and activated the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and mitochondrial dysfunction. Ginsenoside F2 suppresses hair cell apoptosis and premature entry to catagen more effectively than finasteride, it decreases the expression of TGF-β2 and SCAP proteins, the factors in the SCAP pathway could be targets for hair loss prevention drugs. Ginsenoside F2 is a ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosides, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an apoptosis inducer and a plant metabolite.

Coptisine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Coptidis Rhizoma with anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-hepatoma, and anti-leukemia effects. Coptisine protects rat heart against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing myocardial apoptosis and inflammation. Coptisine chloride can be absorbed across intestinal epithelial cells, and completely absorbed compounds.

(±)-Borneol is a bornane monoterpenoid that is 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It has a role as a metabolite and a volatile oil component.(±)-Borneol is a bornane monoterpenoid that is 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It has a role as a metabolite and a volatile oil component. (±)-Borneol is a bicyclic monoterpene used for analgesia and anaesthesia in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine, it and its enantiomer (±)-Borneol have a highly efficacious positive modulating action at GABA(A) receptors at human recombinant alpha1beta2gamma2L GABA(A) receptors. Borneol specifically inhibits the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated effects in a noncompetitive way, can depress P-glycoprotein function by a NF-κB signaling mediated mechanism in a blood brain barrier in vitro model. Borneol has neuroprotection through the inhibition of IκBα-NF-κB and translocation signaling pathway, it also has an anti-cerebral ischemia effects. It can suppresse inflammatory responses in LPS-induced acute lung injury through inhibition of the NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways.

Fraxin is a beta-D-glucoside that is fraxetin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl group at position 8 via a glycosidic linkage. It is a natural product isolated from the leaves of Fraxinus excelsior and exhibits potent hepatoprotective effects in vitro and in vivo. It has a role as a hepatoprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and a plant metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside, an aromatic ether and a hydroxycoumarin. It is functionally related to a fraxetin. Fraxin possesses a variety of bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antimicrobial, antiviral, immunomodulatory, anti-hyperuricemia and diuresis. Fraxin enhances urate excretion partly by inhibiting mURAT1 or mGLUT9 in kidney of hyperuricemic mice.