Continentalic acid and kaurenoic acid are quality control markers in Aralia continentalis. Continentalic acid has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-bacterial activities, it shows moderate cytotoxicity against A-549 (lung), THP-1 (leukemia) and MCF-7 (breast) cell lines; it has minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of approximately 8-16 microg/mL against S. aureus, including the MSSA and MRSA standard strains.

(+)-Borneol is a bicyclic monoterpene used for analgesia and anaesthesia in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine, it and its enantiomer (-)-borneol have a highly efficacious positive modulating action at GABA(A) receptors at human recombinant alpha1beta2gamma2L GABA(A) receptors. Borneol specifically inhibits the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated effects in a noncompetitive way, can depress P-glycoprotein function by a NF-κB signaling mediated mechanism in a blood brain barrier in vitro model. Borneol has neuroprotection through the inhibition of IκBα-NF-κB and translocation signaling pathway, it also has an anti-cerebral ischemia effects. It can suppresse inflammatory responses in LPS-induced acute lung injury through inhibition of the NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways. (+)-borneol is a borneol. It is an enantiomer of a (-)-borneol.

Lacto-N-triaose is an oligosaccharide.

Baicalin methyl ester shows inhibitory effects on the Avian Myeloblastosis Virus reverse transcriptase (AMV-RT).

After treatment with CVGI, Raffinose family oligosaccharide was hydrolyzed effectively to yield galactose and sucrose. AA-PCD resistance in Raffinose-grown cells occurs with a decrease in both ROS production and cytochrome c release as compared to glucose-grown cells en route to AA-PCD.

Atractylenolide III, a potential house dust mite control agent, has neuroprotection, gastroprotective, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory activities, it also may control immunological reactions by regulating the cellular functions of IL-6 in mast cells. It inhibited nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in mouse macrophages, and inhibited Lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF- α and NO production in macrophages. Atractylenolide III is a natural product found in Atractylodes lancea. It has a role as a metabolite.

Rhein has many pharmacological effects, including epatoprotective, nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities, it has been proved effective in treatment of experimental diabetic nephropathy , one of the mechanism is the Inhibition of the hexosamine pathway. Rhein has protective effect on liver injury, the mechanisms possibly contribute to its action of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, also associated with its effect of inhibiting TGF-β1 and suppressing the activation of hepatic stellate cells.

Hamamelitannin has cytotoxic, and antibiofilm activities. It increases the susceptibility of S. aureus to antibiotic treatment in in vivo Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse mammary gland infection models. It also has a high protective activity on cell damage induced by peroxides.

Picroside II has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory, anti-virus and other pharmacological activities. It has potent anti-apoptotic activity against renal I/R injury by suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, it can protect the ischemic kidney against renal fibrosis and improve the neurological function of rats upon cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. Picroside II enhances nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth from PC12D cells by amplifying a down-stream step of MAP kinase in the NGF receptor-mediated intracellular MAP kinase-dependent signaling pathway.

Trans-rhaponticin is a rhaponticin in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration. It possesses a range of pharmacological activities including antitumour, antiinflammatory, antilipemic and neuroprotective activities. It has a role as a hypoglycemic agent, an antineoplastic agent, an antilipemic drug, an angiogenesis inhibitor, an anti-allergic agent, a neuroprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inducer, an EC 2.3.1.

Eriodictyol has vasodilator, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, it is an antagonist of the transient potential vanilloid 1 receptor (TRPV1) receptor. Eriodictyol may possess antidiabetic properties through increasing glucose uptake and improving insulin resistance, it attenuates the degree of retinal inflammation and plasma lipid peroxidation preserving the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) in early diabetic rats. It may be a potential therapeutic resource for Atopic dermatitis and an adjunctive agent to control itchiness inAtopic dermatitis.