Acetagastrodin has antispasmodic effect on vascular smooth muscle. Acetagastrodin treatment may be an effective treatment to protect retinal neurons against such functional impairment during the early stages of diabetes.

Spinosin has neuroprotective, anxiolytic-like and anti-inflammatory effects, it ameliorated memory impairment induced through AβO, the serotonergic neurotransmitter system, it also potentiated pentobarbital-induced sleep via the serotonergic system.

Parishin E is a natural product from Gastrodia elata.

Silybin B and silybin A are potent inhibitors of both raloxifene 4'- and 6-glucuronidation in all enzyme systems; they show strong effects on cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells. Silybin B exhibits 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity.

Pterostilbene acts as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) agonist, it has been implicated in anticarcinogenesis, antioxidant, modulation of neurological disease, anti-inflammation, attenuation of vascular disease, and amelioration of diabetes. Pterostilbene downregulates inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 gene expression in macrophages by inhibiting the activation of NFkappaB by interfering with the activation of PI3K/Akt/IKK and MAPK. Pterostilbene may protect HUVECs against oxLDL-induced apoptosis by downregulating LOX-1-mediated activation through a pathway involving oxidative stress, p53, mitochondria, cytochrome c and caspase protease.