Alliin is an L-alanine derivative in which one of the methyl hydrogens of L-alanine has been replaced by an (S)-allylsulfinyl group. It has a role as an antioxidant, an antimicrobial agent, a neuroprotective agent, a plant metabolite and a cardioprotective agent. It is a sulfoxide, an olefinic compound, a L-cysteine derivative, a non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid and a L-alanine derivative. It is a tautomer of an alliin zwitterion. Alliin has antiglycating potential , it offers protection against glucose or methyglyoxal induced glycation of superoxide dismutase, hence is expected to have therapeutic potential in the prevention of glycation-mediated diabetic complications. Alliin has anti-inflammatory activity, it protects against Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) by activating PPARγ, which subsequently inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB activation and inflammatory response; alliin has an inhibitory effect in osteoclasteogenesis with a dose-dependent manner via blocking the c-Fos-NFATc1 signaling pathway, it could be a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of osteoporosis. Alliin and sabinene have detectable levels of antimicrobial activity. Alliin， Oral active sulfoxide compounds can be isolated from garlic, which have hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities.

(+)-Pteryxin has muscle-relaxant props, it also shows hepatoprotective and nitric oxide prodn. inhibitory activity.

Aconine is a diterpene alkaloid with formula C25H41NO9 that is isolated from several Aconitum species. It has a role as a xenobiotic, a NF-kappaB inhibitor, a plant metabolite and a human urinary metabolite. It is a diterpene alkaloid, a tertiary alcohol, a secondary alcohol, a bridged compound, a pentol, an organic heteropolycyclic compound, a polyether and a tertiary amino compound. It derives from a hydride of an aconitane. Aconine can inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells by suppressing NF-κB and NFATc1 activation and DC-STAMP expression. Aconine can attenuate hepatic fat degeneration of rats with fatty liver induced by high-fat diet through decreasing TG,TC deposit in liver. Aconine inhibits NF - κ B activation induced by ligands of nuclear factor kappa B receptor activators.

Ophiopogonin D plays a protective role as an effective antioxidant in H2O2-induced endothelial injury, it can attenuate doxorubicin-induced autophagic cell death by relieving mitochondrial damage in vitro and in vivo, it can be therefore developed as a novel drug for the therapy of cardiovascular disorders. Ophiopogonin D and spicatoside A can increase mucin production and secretion, by directly acting on airway epithelial cells, they could be as expectorants in diverse inflammatory pulmonary diseases. Ophiopogonin D inhibits MCF-7 cell growth via the induction of cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase.

Peiminine has potent anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antitussive, and expectorant effects. It induces autophagic cell death thus represses colorectal carcinoma tumor growth. Peiminine can inhibit lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis in a rat model of bleomycin-induced lung injury, by reducing circulating IFN-γ levels and inhibiting signal transduction pathways involving TGF-β, CTGF, ERK1/2, NF-κB and FasL.

Cyanidin Chloride, the main phenolic antioxidant in the grape (Vitis vinifera), in particular in the liposomal forms, could be used for treatment of diabetes mellitus complications. It has a dual effect on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, exhibits therapeutic potential in prevention of osteoclasts related bone disorders.

Rhoifolin possesses a variety of significant biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and anticancer effects, it may be beneficial for diabetic complications through its enhanced adiponectin secretion, tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor-β and GLUT4 translocation. Rhoifolin has a radioprotective effect against radiation-induced decrease of blood platelets and cardiac biochemical lesions in whole body irradiated mice. Apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside is an apigenin derivative having an alpha-(12)-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety attached to the 7-hydroxy group. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a neohesperidoside, a dihydroxyflavone and a glycosyloxyflavone. It is functionally related to an apigenin.

Scullcapflavone II is a tetramethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7, 8 and 6' and hydroxy groups at positons 5 and 2' respectively. It has a role as an anti-asthmatic drug, an EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a dihydroxyflavone and a tetramethoxyflavone. It is functionally related to a flavone. Skullcapflavone II is a flavonoid derived from Scutellaria baicalensis, a widely used herbal medicine in anti-inflammatory and anticancer therapy in Korea. Skullcapflavone II may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of allergic asthma.

Pterosin B is a salt-inducible kinase 3 (Sik3) pathway inhibitor, it prevents chondrocyte hypertrophy and osteoarthritis in mice by inhibiting Sik3. Pterosin B shows cytotoxicity against HL 60 cells (human leukemia) with the IC(50) value of 8.7 microg/mL. Pterosin B has multiple targets in gluconeogenic programs, including coenzyme Q in RORα-SRC2 signaling.

Tacrolimus (anhydrous) is a macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis. It has a role as an immunosuppressive agent and a bacterial metabolite. Tacrolimus versus ciclosporin are primary immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients.

Vaccarin exhibits extensive biological activities including vascular endothelial cell protective effects, it can significantly promote neovascularization by enhancing protein expression of p-Akt , p‑Erk, and CD31, and selectively protect vascular endothelium from dysfunction induced by H2O2. Vaccarin is a glycoside and a member of flavonoids.

Cyclosporin A is a cyclic nonribosomal peptide of eleven amino acids; an immunosuppressant drug widely used in post-allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system, and therefore the risk of organ rejection. Also causes reversible inhibition of immunocompetent lymphocytes in the G0- and G1-phase of the cell cycle.

Bavachalcone has antibiotic or anticancer activities, it may be useful as a therapeutic drug for bone resorption-associated diseases.Bavachalcone can protect the endothelial function by increasing AMPK activity and MnSOD expression and reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress.

Scutellarin is the glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and a proteasome inhibitor. It is a glucosiduronic acid, a trihydroxyflavone, a glycosyloxyflavone and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a scutellarein. It is a conjugate acid of a scutellarin(1-). Scutellarin has many pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, neuroprotection and antiinflammatory activities. It down-regulates the STAT3/Girdin/Akt signaling in HCC cells, and inhibits RANKL-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in osteoclasts.

Rubiadin is a dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3 and a methyl group at position 2. It has been isolated from Rubia yunnanensis. It has a role as an antioxidant, an antibacterial agent, a hepatoprotective agent and a plant metabolite. Rubiadin has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antitumor promoting effects. Rubiadin can decrease bone loss through the inhibition of osteoclast formation,differentiation and bone resorption.

Kukoamine B is a potent dual inhibitor for both Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG DNA), LPS and CpG DNA are important pathogenic molecules for the induction of sepsis,are drug targets for sepsis treatment, thus kukoamine B is worthy of further investigation as a potential candidate to treat sepsis. Kukoamine B may potentially serve as an agent for prevention of several human neurodegenerative and other disorders caused by oxidative stress, it has protective effects against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced cell injury and potential mechanisms in SH-SY5Y cells.

Decursinol angelate has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and hepatoprotective activities, it inhibits VEGF-induced angiogenesis via suppression of the VEGFR-2-signaling pathway; it also suppresses invasion and inflammatory activation of cancer cells through modulation of PI3K/AKT, ERK and NF-kappaB, its anti-inflammatory activity may contribute to its anti-cancer activity.Decursinol angelate has protective effects against amyloid β-protein-induced oxidative stress in the PC12 cell line. It improves wound healing by upregulating the expression of genes encoding extracellular matrix remodeling proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors. Decursinol angelate has in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity against Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast.

Sciadopitysin shows protective effects on antimycin A-induced toxicity in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, it may reduce or prevent osteoblasts degeneration; it also may prevent the development of diabetic osteopathy, it exerts its therapeutic effects via upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Sciadopitysin can inhibit the Aβ aggregation and reduce Aβ-induced toxicity in the primary cortical neurons. Sciadopitysin is a biflavonoid that is a 7, 4', 4'''-trimethyl ether derivative of amentoflavone. It has a role as a platelet aggregation inhibitor and a bone density conservation agent. It is a hydroxyflavone, a methoxyflavone, a ring assembly and a biflavonoid. It is functionally related to an amentoflavone.

Roburic acid is a tetracyclic triterpenoid with formula C30H40O2 that is isolated from the roots of Gentiana dahurica and Gentiana macrophylla. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a monocarboxylic acid, a tetracyclic triterpenoid and an olefinic compound. Roburic acid and phenethyl-trans-ferulate inhibit COX-1 and COX-2.