Schaftoside is a C-glycosyl compound that is apigenin substituted by beta-D-glucopyranosyl and an alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl moieties at positions 6 and 8 via C-glycosidic linkages. It has a role as an antioxidant and an antinematodal drug. It is a C-glycosyl compound and a trihydroxyflavone. It is functionally related to an apigenin. Schaftoside has antioxidant activity, it also can inhibit phospholipase, lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, three pro-inflammatory enzymes.

Theaflavin is a suitable natural inhibitor against influenza A (H1N1) neuraminidase, which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-mutagenic, anti-HSV-1, and anti-carcinogenic properties. Theaflavin is active in the prevention of fatty liver and obesity, it can significantly reduce lipid accumulation, suppress fatty acid synthesis, and stimulate fatty acid oxidation. Theaflavin inhibits LPS-Induced IL-6, MCP-1, and ICAM-1 expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages through the blockade of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways; it also protects nigral dopaminergic neurons against chronic MPTP/probenecid induced Parkinson's disease. Theaflavin is a biflavonoid that is 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzocyclohepten-6-one which is substituted at positions 1 and 8 by (2R,3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl groups. It is the main red pigment in black tea. It has a role as an antioxidant, an antibacterial agent, a chelator, a radiation protective agent and a plant metabolite. It is a polyphenol and a biflavonoid.

Dulcoside A is a sweetener and has antioxidant activity.

Tussilagone has anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Tussilagone inhibits dendritic cell function through the induction of heme oxygenase-1; it has potential treatment of neuro-inflammatory diseases through the inhibition of overproduction of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E(2).

After treatment with CVGI, Raffinose family oligosaccharide was hydrolyzed effectively to yield galactose and sucrose. AA-PCD resistance in Raffinose-grown cells occurs with a decrease in both ROS production and cytochrome c release as compared to glucose-grown cells en route to AA-PCD.

Highly purified Momordin II inhibits cell-free protein synthesis, releases adenine from rat liver ribosomes and from DNA, and has no RNase activity.

Curculigoside B shows antioxidative and antiosteoporotic activities, it can decrease area of bone resorption pit, osteoclastic formation and TRAP activity.

Picroside II has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory, anti-virus and other pharmacological activities. It has potent anti-apoptotic activity against renal I/R injury by suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, it can protect the ischemic kidney against renal fibrosis and improve the neurological function of rats upon cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. Picroside II enhances nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth from PC12D cells by amplifying a down-stream step of MAP kinase in the NGF receptor-mediated intracellular MAP kinase-dependent signaling pathway.

Scullcapflavone II is a tetramethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7, 8 and 6' and hydroxy groups at positons 5 and 2' respectively. It has a role as an anti-asthmatic drug, an EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a dihydroxyflavone and a tetramethoxyflavone. It is functionally related to a flavone. Skullcapflavone II is a flavonoid derived from Scutellaria baicalensis, a widely used herbal medicine in anti-inflammatory and anticancer therapy in Korea. Skullcapflavone II may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of allergic asthma.

Nardoaristolone B, a nor-sesquiterpenoid with an unusual fused ring system and having protective effects on the injury of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. The novel mosquito-repellentsynthetic hydrindanesbased on noreremophilanes and nardoaristolone B which show increasedactivity against adult females of Aedes aegypti.

Platyconic acid A suppresses the development of respiratory inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling by reducing allergic responses, and it may be a potential herbal drug for allergen-induced respiratory disease prevention. Platyconic acid A suppresses PMA-induced MUC5AC mRNA expression by inhibiting NF-κB activation via Akt in A549 cells. Platyconic acid A is a triterpenoid saponin. It has a role as a metabolite.

Dehydroeburicoic acid induces necrotic cell death that involves Ca(2+) overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, and calpain activation in human glioblastomas. Dehydroeburicoic acid and Eburicoic acid have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities by the decrease of inflammatory cytokines and an increase of antioxidant enzyme activity, can protect the liver from CCl4-induced hepatic damage.

Stachyose, as prebiotics, can prevent indirectly colon cancer cell growth by promoting the proliferation of probiotics or producing beneficial materials in the intestine.Stachyose inhibits Caco-2 cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Stachyose with an RS3 carrier has better preventative effects on colitis than Stachyose alone in mice. Stachyose is a tetrasaccharide consisting of sucrose having an alpha-D-galactosyl-(16)-alpha-D-galactosyl moiety attached at the 6-position of the glucose. It has a role as a mouse metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a tetrasaccharide and a raffinose family oligosaccharide. It is functionally related to a raffinose and a sucrose.

Gentiournoside D is a natural product from Gentiana urnula.

Pulchinenoside B is a natural product from Pulsatilla chinensis (Bge.) Regel.