L-leucine is the L-enantiomer of leucine. It has a role as a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a plant metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a L-alpha-amino acid, a leucine, a pyruvate family amino acid and a proteinogenic amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-leucinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-leucinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-leucine. It is a tautomer of a L-leucine zwitterion. L-Leucine is an essential amino acid for the human body, L-Leucine improves the anemia and developmental defects associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia and del(5q) MDS by activating the mTOR pathway, and an excess of dietary l-leucine has been shown to retard the growth of rats fed low-protein diets or diets deficient in isoleucine.

L-valine is the L-enantiomer of valine. It has a role as a micronutrient, a nutraceutical, a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a L-alpha-amino acid, a pyruvate family amino acid, a valine and a proteinogenic amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-valinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-valinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-valine. It is a tautomer of a L-valine zwitterion. L-Valine is an essential amino acid for the human body. L-Valine and L-isoleucine could be used in the supplements of low-protein corn and soybean meal all-vegetable diets for broilers.

L-threonine is an optically active form of threonine having L-configuration. It has a role as a micronutrient, a nutraceutical, a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a plant metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a L-alpha-amino acid, an aspartate family amino acid, a threonine and a proteinogenic amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-threoninium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-threoninate. L-Threonine is a natural amino acid, can be produced by microbial fermentation, and is used in food, medicine, or feed.

L-lysine is an L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine. It has a role as a micronutrient, an anticonvulsant, a nutraceutical, a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a plant metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a L-alpha-amino acid, an aspartate family amino acid, a lysine and a proteinogenic amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-lysinium(1+). It is a conjugate acid of a L-lysinate. Lysine is an essential amino acid for the human body. L-lysine and L-glutamic acid and as useful building blocks for the preparation of bifunctional DTPA-like ligands.

L-isoleucine is the L-enantiomer of isoleucine. It has a role as a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a plant metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a L-alpha-amino acid, an aspartate family amino acid, an isoleucine and a proteinogenic amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-isoleucinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-isoleucinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-isoleucine. It is a tautomer of a L-isoleucine zwitterion. L-Isoleucine often impacts muscle repair function, cirrhosis, obesity, cardiovascular disease, glucose and lipid metabolism, blood glucose levels and other conditions. L-Isoleucine administration can regulate the inflammatory response to protect against pathogens in vivo and in vitro, making it for research in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) (HY-116282) -induced colitis.

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the two hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a hydroxy group, while the other is substituted by a methyl group. It has been found to accumulate in urine of patients suffering from HMG-CoA lyase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, EC 4.1.3.4) deficiency. It occurs as a plant metabolite in Crotalaria dura. It has a role as an antimetabolite, an EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.