Pterostilbene acts as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) agonist, it has been implicated in anticarcinogenesis, antioxidant, modulation of neurological disease, anti-inflammation, attenuation of vascular disease, and amelioration of diabetes. Pterostilbene downregulates inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 gene expression in macrophages by inhibiting the activation of NFkappaB by interfering with the activation of PI3K/Akt/IKK and MAPK. Pterostilbene may protect HUVECs against oxLDL-induced apoptosis by downregulating LOX-1-mediated activation through a pathway involving oxidative stress, p53, mitochondria, cytochrome c and caspase protease. Pterostilbene is a stilbenol that consists of trans-stilbene bearing a hydroxy group at position 4 as well as two methoxy substituents at positions 3' and 5'. It has a role as an antioxidant, a neurotransmitter, a hypoglycemic agent, an antineoplastic agent, a radical scavenger, a neuroprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inducer and a plant metabolite. It is a stilbenol, a diether and a member of methoxybenzenes. It derives from a hydride of a trans-stilbene.

Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B3 that plays essential roles in cell physiology through facilitating NAD+ redox homeostasis and providing NAD+ as a substrate to a class of enzymes that catalyze non-redox reactions. Nicotinamide is an inhibitor of SIRT1, it has insulinotropic action, it can induce differentiation and maturation of human fetal pancreatic islet cells. Nicotinamide may represent a safe treatment for Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies, and that phosphorylation of tau at Thr231 may regulate tau stability. N-ribosylnicotinamide is a pyridine nucleoside consisting of nicotinamide with a beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety at the 1-position. It has a role as a geroprotector, a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a N-glycosylnicotinamide and a pyridine nucleoside.

1-Monomyristin is a 1-monoglyceride with tetradecanoyl (myristoyl) as the acyl group. It has a role as a Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite. It is a 1-monoglyceride and a tetradecanoate ester. 1-Monomyristin was extracted from Serenoa repens and inhibited the hydrolysis of 2-oleoyl glycerol (IC50=32 μ M) and the activity of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) (IC50=18 μ M). 1-Monomyristin has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and actinomycetes, as well as antifungal activity against Candida albicans.

Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B3 that plays essential roles in cell physiology through facilitating NAD+ redox homeostasis and providing NAD+ as a substrate to a class of enzymes that catalyze non-redox reactions. Nicotinamide is an inhibitor of SIRT1, it has insulinotropic action, it can induce differentiation and maturation of human fetal pancreatic islet cells. Nicotinamide may represent a safe treatment for Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies, and that phosphorylation of tau at Thr231 may regulate tau stability. NMN zwitterion is a nicotinamide mononucleotide. It has a role as a mouse metabolite and an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a conjugate base of a NMN(+). It is a conjugate acid of a NMN(-).

Pristimerin is a naturally occurring triterpenoid that has been shown to suppress the proliferation of various cancer cell lines at the concentration (IC50) range of 0.2-4 μM, including those of breast, glioma, prostate, pancreatic, ovarian, colon. Pristimerin exhibits inhibitory effects against diverse phytopathogenic fungi, it shows good preventive effect and curative effect against wheat powdery mildew in vivo. It has a wide spectrum of targets including ROS, IKK, NF-κB, Akt, mTOR, Bcr-Abl.

Euphol, a novel cannabinoid agonist, it has anti-inflammatory action, it can prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice, it also prevents inflammatory and neuropathic persistent pain in rodents. Euphol arrests breast cancer cells at the G1 phase through the modulation of cyclin D1, p21 and p27 expression.

Triolein is a triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite. It is functionally related to an oleic acid.