Calenduloside E, a potent anti-apoptotic agent, has anti-tumour and anti-angiogenic activities, it can protect against ox-LDL-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) injury in our previous reports. Calenduloside E has anti-inflammary activity, it inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory response by blocking ROS-mediated activation of JAK1-stat3 signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells. Calenduloside E analogues provide protection to H9c2 cardiomyocytes against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis, most likely via anti-apoptotic mechanism. Oleanolic acid 3-O-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid is a beta-D-glucosiduronic acid. It is functionally related to an oleanolic acid.

Plantainoside D shows potent antioxidative effects as those of ascorbic acid, it shows angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory inhibitory activity in vitro with the IC(50) value of 2.17 mM, it also shows inhibitory activity against PKCalpha with the IC50 value (in microM) of 14.8. Plantainoside D protects adriamycin-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiac muscle cells via the inhibition of ROS generation and NF-kappaB activation.

Luteolinidin chloride is an anthocyanidin chloride that has luteolinidin as the cationic counterpart. It contains a luteolinidin. Luteolinidin chloride (100µM) can significantly blunt the effects of NAD on the cellular responses to GD.

Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B3 that plays essential roles in cell physiology through facilitating NAD+ redox homeostasis and providing NAD+ as a substrate to a class of enzymes that catalyze non-redox reactions. Nicotinamide is an inhibitor of SIRT1, it has insulinotropic action, it can induce differentiation and maturation of human fetal pancreatic islet cells. Nicotinamide may represent a safe treatment for Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies, and that phosphorylation of tau at Thr231 may regulate tau stability. N-ribosylnicotinamide is a pyridine nucleoside consisting of nicotinamide with a beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety at the 1-position. It has a role as a geroprotector, a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a N-glycosylnicotinamide and a pyridine nucleoside.

Ganoderic acid D treatment for 48h inhibits the proliferation of HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells with an IC(50) value of 17.3 +/- 0.3 microM.

Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B3 that plays essential roles in cell physiology through facilitating NAD+ redox homeostasis and providing NAD+ as a substrate to a class of enzymes that catalyze non-redox reactions. Nicotinamide is an inhibitor of SIRT1, it has insulinotropic action, it can induce differentiation and maturation of human fetal pancreatic islet cells. Nicotinamide may represent a safe treatment for Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies, and that phosphorylation of tau at Thr231 may regulate tau stability. NMN zwitterion is a nicotinamide mononucleotide. It has a role as a mouse metabolite and an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a conjugate base of a NMN(+). It is a conjugate acid of a NMN(-).

Mogroside V is a widely used sweetener, has in vitro AMPK activating effect, it also has anti-inflammatory potential in murine macrophages and a murine ear edema model, and has the potential to protect against LPS-induced airway inflammation in a model of ALI.